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Toaz - LECTURE NOTES
BS Secondary Education (DRRR 01)
Cotabato State University
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DON MARIANO MARCOS MEMORIAL STATE UNIVERSITY North La Union Campus Agoo, La Union COLLEGE OF EDUCATION
INTRODUCTION TO AGRI-
FISHERY ARTS II
(STLE 108)
####### GILBERT A. PAGADO
i
Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University SOUTH LA UNION CAMPUS COLLEGE OF EDUCATION TECHNOLOGY AND LIVELIHOOD EDUCATION
STLE 108
Introduction to Agri-Fishery Arts
II
GRADING SYSTEM Assignments/Quizzes - 40% Midterm/Final Examinations - 60% Total 100%
ii
¥
COURSE DESCRIPTION
This course is a continuation of Introduction to Agri-Fishery Arts I and it focus on specialized field in Agri-Fishery Arts such as Animal Crop production, Aquaculture, Fish Capture and Organic Agriculture OBJECTIVE At the end of the course, the students should have been able to have:
- Gain sufficient understanding of the theoretical aspects in the field of agri- fishery arts and develop basic skills by actual application of agricultural and fishery production in relation to the mission of the University.
COURSE REQUIREMENTS
Learning activities; 2. Periodic examinations(midterm and final Exams); and 3. Assignments and other related research works.
COURSE CONTENT
Lesson 2 Safe Keep/Dispose Tools, Materials and Outfit
FISHERY ARTS
CHAPTER 6 – Basic Concept of Fishery
Lesson 1 Definition of Fishery and Its Importance
Lesson 2 Brief History of Fishery
Lesson 3 Branches of Fishery
Lesson 4 Morphology of Fish
CHAPTER 7 – Fish Culture
Lesson 1 Aspects, Classifications and Methods of Fish Culture
Lesson 2 Terminologies in Fish Culture
Lesson 3 Facilities, Parts of Fish Pond and Their Functions
Lesson 4 Cultivable Fish and Crustacean Species
CHAPTER 8 – Fish Capture
Lesson 1 Fishing Methods and Gears
Lesson 1 Fishing Gear Construction and Operation
Lesson 1 Fishing Gear Proper Handling and Safety Measures
Lesson 2 Common Commercial Species of Aquatic Resources
CHAPTER 9 – Fish Preservation
Lesson 1 Fish Preservation Terminologies
Basic Concepts of Agricultural Crop Production
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Agriculture – it is the science, art and practice of cultivating the
soil, producing crops and raising livestock and in varying degrees
the preparation and marketing and resulting of productsFarm
Equipment - These are machineries used in crop production. They
are used in land preparation and in transporting farm inputs and
products. These equipment need a highly skilled operator to use
Farm Implements - accessories pulled by animals or mounted to
machineries to make the work easier
Farm Tools - objects that are usually light and are used without the
help of animals and machines
Fertile Crescent – semicircle of fertile land stretching from
southeast coast of Mediterranean around Syrian Desert, North of
Arabia to Persian Gulf
Neolithic – of or relating to the latest period of the Stone Age
characterized by polished stone implements
Parthenocarpy – the production of fruits without fertilization
LESSON 1:
DEFINITION AND IMPORTANCE OF AGRICULTURE
What is Agriculture? Nominal Definition (explains what a name is) Agriculture comes from the Latin words ager, agri meaning field and cultura meaning growing, cultivation. Therefore it means “growing and cultivating of the field.” Real Definition (explains what a thing is) Agriculture is the science or practice of farming which includes the cultivation of the soil for the growing of crops and fruit-bearing trees. It also considers the raising of animals to provide food and other raw materials which can produce another product.
Elements in the Definition of Agriculture
It is a science, because of systematically organized body of knowledge which not only based on opinions, hypothesis and theories but on factual and absolute knowledge. Also, it is a practice because of the actual applications of the ideas.
Of farming, because is the act or process of working the ground, planting seeds, and growing edible plants. It can also include raising animals for milk, meat and wool.
VALUE OF AGRICULTURE
Agriculture has a vital role in the life and progress of an economy. It does provide food which is the basic needs of mankind, not only to sustain food and raw material but also employment opportunities to a vast number of the population of a country. It can be a source of livelihood which can contribute to micro and macro community, supplying and sustaining food and fodder that are the basic necessities of human to live, promoting the diplomatic friendship facilitated by trading system in local, national and international arena, marketable surplus products, source of saving of the entire national budget and basis of the economic development of a country. Without agriculture, the economy will be at high risk to food security that may result into serious national problems. The effect may be adverse or even worse.
LESSON 2: BRIEF HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE
were first domesticated in the Americas as far back as 5,200 BC. The potato, tomato, pepper, squash, several varieties of bean, tobacco, and several other plants were also developed in the New World, as was extensive terracing of steep hillsides in much of Andean South America. The Greeks and Romans built on techniques pioneered by the Sumerians but made few fundamentally new advances. Southern Greeks struggled with very poor 12 LEARNING MODULE IN AGRI-FISHERY ARTS soils, yet managed to become a dominant society for years. The Romans were noted for an emphasis on the cultivation of crops for trade. Middle Ages During the Middle Ages, Muslim farmers in North Africa and the Near East developed and disseminated agricultural technologies including irrigation systems based on hydraulic and hydrostatic principles, the use of machines and the use of water raising machines, dams, and reservoirs. They also wrote location-specific farming manuals, and were instrumental in the wider adoption of crops including sugar cane, rice, citrus fruit, apricots, cotton, artichokes, aubergines, and saffron. Muslims also brought lemons, oranges, cotton, almonds, figs and sub-tropical crops such as bananas to Spain. The invention of a three field system of crop rotation during the Middle Ages, and the importation of the Chinese-invented moldboard plow, vastly improved agricultural efficiency. Another important development towards the end of this period was the discovery and subsequent cultivation of fodder crops which allowed over- wintering of livestock. Modern Era After 1492, a global exchange of previously local crops and livestock breeds occurred. Key crops involved in this exchange included the tomato, maize, potato, cocoa and tobacco going from the New World to the Old, and several varieties of wheat, spices, coffee, and sugar cane going from the Old World to the New. The most important animal exportations from the Old World to the New were those of the horse and dog (dogs were already present in the pre-Columbian Americas but not in the numbers and breeds suited to farm work). Although not usually food animals, the horse (including donkeys and ponies) and dog quickly filled essential production roles on western hemisphere farms. By the early 1800s, agricultural techniques, implements, seed stocks and cultivated plants selected and given a unique name because of its decorative or 13 LEARNING MODULE IN AGRI-FISHERY ARTS useful characteristics had so improved that yield per land unit was many times seen in the Middle
Ages. With the rapid rise of mechanization in the late 19th and 20th centuries, particularly in the form of the tractor, farming tasks could be done with a speed and on a scale previously impossible. These advances have led to efficiencies enabling certain modern farms in the United States, Argentina, Israel, Germany, and a few other nations to output volumes of high quality produce per land unit at what may be the practical limit. The Haber-Bosch method for synthesizing ammonium nitrate represented a major breakthrough and allowed crop yields to overcome previous constraints. In the past century agriculture has been characterized by enhanced productivity, the substitution of labor for synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, selective breeding, mechanization, water pollution, and farm subsidies. In recent years there has been a backlash against the external environmental effects of conventional agriculture, resulting in the organic movement. Agricultural exploration expeditions, since the late nineteenth century, have been mounted to find new species and new agricultural practices in different areas of the world.
LESSON 3: BRANCHES OF AGRICULTURE
BRANCHES OF AGRICULTURE
There are four main branches of agriculture, namely;
Livestock Production or Animal Husbandry
Crop Production or Agronomy
Agricultural Economics
Agricultural Engineering
II Crop Production or Agronomy -It is the science dealing with the cultivation of crops and vegetables on a field scales either under rain fed or irrigation conditions. These crops are mainly annuals cultivated food. The requirements of each crop are studied in terms of soil and climate, as well as planting time and techniques, different cultivars, fertilization, weed, disease, and insect control, as well as the effect of stress factors. Crop Production or Agronomy includes:
Horticulture= is the science and art of growing and caring for plants, especially flowers, fruits, and vegetables. The word is derived from the Latin hortus which means “garden” and colere which means “to culture”. As a general term, it covers all forms of garden management, but in ordinary use it refers to intensive commercial production. Horticulture has 3 branches namely, pomology, olericulture and floriculture.
Pomology- is the branch of botany that studies all fruits, specifically the science of growing fruits and nuts. The word is derived from the Latin pomum which means “fruit” and logia which means “field of study”. As a branch of horticulture, it focuses to the cultivation of fruits, nuts, fruitbearing and nut-bearing trees/plants for human use and consumption.
Olericulture is the science and art of vegetable growing, dealing with the culture of non-woody (herbaceous) plants for food. The word is derived from the Latin oleris which means “pot herb” and colere which means “to culture”. As language develops over long period of time, it is simply defined as the science and art of growing vegetables crops. It deals with the production, storage processing and marketing of vegetables. It encompasses crop establishment, including cultivar selection, seedbed preparation and establishment of vegetable crops by seed and transplants. It also includes maintenance and care of vegetable crop production.
Floriculture refers to farming, plant care, propagation, and cultivation with one goal in mind, the maximum production of flowering and ornamental plants for gardens and floristry, comprising the floral industry. The word is derived from the Latin floris which means “flower” and colere which means “to culture”. Therefore, it is the cultivation of flower. To elaborate, floriculture is an entire gardening spectrum that is geared towards understanding and improving all aspects of bud and flower creation, including indoor lighting, growroom requirements, greenhouse needs, plant nutrition, irrigation, pest management, and breeding new cultivars/strains.
III Agricultural Economics is study of the allocation, distribution and utilization of the resources used, along with the commodities produced, by farming. It concerns itself with the study of the production and consumption of food in both developed and developing countries along with analysis of the policies that shape the world’s largest country.
IV Agricultural Engineering is the area of engineering concerned with the design, construction and improvement of farming equipment and machinery. Agricultural engineers integrate technology with farming. For example, they design new and improved farming equipment that may work more efficiently, or perform new tasks. They design and build agricultural infrastructure such as dams, water reservoirs, warehouses, and other structures. They may also help engineer solutions for pollution control at large farms. Some agricultural engineers are developing new forms of biofuels from non-food resources like algae and agricultural waste. Such fuels could economically and sustainably replace gasoline without jeopardizing the food supply
LESSON 4: TYPES OF AGRICULTURAL CROPS AND ITS
CLASSIFICATIONS
III. Fiber Crops – A plant that is primarily raise, culture and harvest for its fibers which are used as raw material.
IV. Oil Crops – A plant that is primarily raise, culture and harvest as base for biodiesel production.
V. Ornamental Crops – A plant that is primarily raise and culture for decorative purposes especially in gardens and landscape design projects.
VI. Industrial Crops – A plant that is cultured for their biological materials which are used in industrial processes into nonedible products. (Example: Tobacco)
Classification of Crops According to their Reproduction
Sexual - plants that develop from a seed or a spore after undergoing union of male and female gametes
Asexual – plants which reproduce by any vegetative means without the union of the sexual gametes
Classification of Crops According to Mode of Pollination
I Self Pollinated Crops – predominant mode of pollination in this plant is self-pollination.
II. Naturally Cross Pollinated Crops – pollen transfer in these plants is from another of one flower in a separate plant.
III. Both Self and Cross Pollination Crops – these plants are largely selfpollinated but in varying amounts.
Classifications of Crops According to Growth Habits
I – succulent plants with self-supporting stems.
II. Vines – herbaceous climbing or twining plants without self-supporting stem.
III. Lianas – woody climbing or twining plants which depend on other plants for vertical support to climb up to the tree
IV. Shrubs – a small tree or tree like plants generally less than 5 meters in height but other authorities restricted to small, erect woody plants.
V. Trees – plants having erect and continuous growth with a large develop of woody tissue, with a single distinct stem or trunk.
VI. Evergreen – plants that maintain their leaves throughout the year.
VII. Deciduous – plants which naturally shed off or lose leaves annually for extended periods.
Descriptions of Crops According to their Life Span
I crop is a plant that completes its life cycle, from germination to production of seed, within one growing season, and then dies. Annual crops examples are rice, corn and others.
II. Biennial crop is a plant that takes two years to complete its biological lifecycle. Its examples are cabbage, parsley and others.
III. Perennial crop is a plant that lives more than two years. The term is often used to differentiate a plant from shorter-lived annuals and biennials. The term is also widely used to distinguish plants with little or no woody growth from trees and shrubs, which are also technically perennials
LESSON 5: TYPES OF COMMERCIAL FOOD CROPS IN THE
PHILIPPINES
Toaz - LECTURE NOTES
Course: BS Secondary Education (DRRR 01)
University: Cotabato State University
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