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Communicable- Disease- Reviewer
nursing (NCM116)
De La Salle Lipa
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COMMUNICABLE DISEASE
- Is any disease that can be transmitted directly or indirectly from one person to another.
Infection
- Is the condition caused by the entry and multiplication of pathogenic microorganisms within the host body.
- It is also an invasion of the organisms (bacteria, helminths, fungi, parasites, rickettsia, and prion).
Factors affecting risk of infection
- Age, Heredity, Level of Stress, Nutritional Status, Current Medical Therapy, Pre- existing disease, and Immunization Status
Immunity
- The quality of being insusceptible to or unaffected by a particular disease.
Types of Immunity
- Innate: within the host (immune system)
- Acquired: inoculation and disease active and passive
Immune system: protection against antigen or disease by a system of antibody production.
Antibody: produce by lymphocytes in response to antigen
Antigen: triggering agent of the immune system IMMUNOGLOBULINS
- IgG: most prevalent antibody, 80%, produced later in the immune response, only Ig that can cross the placenta.
- IgA: found in colostrum, tears, saliva and sweat.
- IgM: principal antibody of blood, quickly produced in response to an antigen, responds to artificial immunization.
- IgE: allergic reactions.
- IgD: unknown, antigen receptor, found in the surface of Beta cells.
IMMUNIZATION
- A process by which resistance to an infectious disease is induced or augmented.
Active immunity: antibody are produced by the body in response to infection. Antigen is introduced, long duration.
Example: Natural active- disease, artificial active- vaccines
ARTIFICIAL ACTIVE:
- Antigens: Vaccine or toxoid
- are administered to stimulate antibody production.
- Reinforced by booster dose to increase immunity.
- Killed vaccines: pertussis vaccines, typhoid vaccines
- Live vaccines: attenuated, weakened sabin, measles
- Toxoid: inactivated bacterial toxin-tetanus, diphtheria.
Artificial active: pneumococcal vaccine protects against the streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria that can cause meningitis and pneumonia.
Hepatitis B vaccine: protects against serious disease causing inflammation and damage to the liver.
Passive Immunity: antibodies are produced by another source. Antibodies are introduced, short duration.
Example:
Natural passive: mother
Artificial Passive: globulins
- immune serum (antibody) from animal or human is injected. Provide Immediate protection (Diphtheria antitoxin, tetanus antitoxin). Skin testing is a must.
Conditions before infections develop
- Sufficient number of microorganisms
- Virulence of microorganisms
- Resistance of the host
- Immunity of the host
- Cycle of infection must be completed
Nursing care of patients with communicable disease involves:
- Self-protection
- Prevention of the spread of the infectious agent through medical asepsis and concurrent disinfection
- Physical care of the patient
- Emotional support of the patient
- Provision of the spiritual aspect of care
Transmission based precautions:
- Airborne
- Droplets
- Contacts
Some of the communicable, infectious and tropical diseases:
PATHOGNOMONIC SIGNS
AIDS: opportunistic and malignant manifestations, T4 below 200/dl
Amoebiasis: bloody mucoid stool.
Ascariasis: vomiting, passing out of worm.
Chicken pox: vesiculopopular lesions.
Cholera: rice-watery stool.
Dengue/Hemorrhagic Fever: Herman’s sign. It appears on the upper and lower extremities, purplish or violaceous red with blanched areas about 1 cm or less in size.
Diphtheria: pseudo membrane, a localized inflammatory process; grayish-white, leathery consistency.
Enterobiasis: nocturnal itchiness.
Filariasis: elephantiasis
German Measles/Rubella: Forscheimer’s spots, a mild enanthem of petechial lesions.
Gonorrhea: thich purulent discharge.
Herpes Zoster: lesions follow peripheral nerve pathway.
Leptospirosis: orange eyes.
Malaria: fever and chills.
Measles/rubella: Koplik’s spots, little spots inside the mouth. The spots look like a tiny grains of white sand, each surrounded by a red ring. They are found especially on the inside of the check (the buccal mucosa) opposite the 1st and 2nd upper molars.
Meningitis: nuchal rigidity.
Mumps: swollen parotid glands.
Pertusis: paroxysmal coughs ending with whoop.
Pneumonia: rust sputum.
Polio: flaccid paralysis, weaknes or paralysis and reduced muscle tone without other obvious cause (e trauma)
Rabies: hydrophobia, a morbid fear of water. Because of this name, many people think that rabies makes one afraid of water. In fact, this is not the case (although rabes does case mental confusion of other kids). The name hydrophobia comes from the fact that animals and people with rabies get spasms in their throat muscles that are so painful that the cannot eat or drink, and so will refuse water in spite of being very thirsty.
Scabies: weeping itch
Scarlet fever: raspberry tongue
Syphilis: painless chancer or ulceration.
Tetanus: locked jaw or trismus
Tuberculosis: initially ASYMPTOMATIC
Typhoid fever: 3 cardinal signs: ladderlike fever, rose spots, splenomegaly
Communicable- Disease- Reviewer
Course: nursing (NCM116)
University: De La Salle Lipa
