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Bachelor of Secondary Education (BSED)
Mindanao State University
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####### Southern Masbate Roosevelt College, Inc.
####### Katipunan, Placer, Masbate
####### ----------00000----------
COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION
Dr. Victor V. Lepiten FOUNDER Victor Elliot S. Lepiten, IIIPRESIDENT
GERALYN P.
ALBURO
INSTRUCTOR
(09975395664/09613632501) WWWHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT THIS MODULE Speech and theater arts attempts to combine in one book the basic knowledge and skills in English oral communication in a Philippine context. The activities and exercise give the students adequate practice in applying the principles and aim to develop self-confidence along with the right attitudes and skills. It is hoped that this will not only serve you well in school life but will also give you much personal satisfaction and a decided advantage in your career. PART 1 focuses on developing effective speech habits and skills through improving voice qualities, mastering the English rhythm and intonation and learning correct pronunciation. PART 2 discusses techniques in public speaking in various situations. PART 3 focuses on introduction to theater arts. Because of its visual, emotional, and intellectual appeal, drama is a natural extension of your speech activities. Although it recognizes the value of other aspects of play production, it focuses more attention on the actor’s skills. Be ready to discover the actor and actress that is inherent within you! Find practical applications in every learning you get. Happy learning and performing! GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS: All activities enclosed should be carefully read and performed accordingly. In cases of printed and written activities, all tasks should be printed in a short bond paper following the given format: Name Year Level, Subject, Time/Day Address Contact Info Printed activities should be in font size 11 and Font style “ Candara.” Use cursive writing for every written task. Leave a great storage on your phones for video projects from time to time since your subject cannot see your live performances. In every video project, do not forget to introduce yourself. Name your file to your Last name and first name initial+ Name of the activity (Ex: ALBURO, G.-- CREDO by E. Christian Buckner) Change your facebook names to your real names( the ones appearing on my class record) for easy dissemination of information if necessary. Do not let your subject teacher guess your names on social media if you will not adhere to this instruction. Since you are too many for me to handle, please add me on facebook : “ Geralyn Pepito Alburo”. This is necessary so I can tag you on important matters or announcements. Agree with your blockmates/classmates to create a GC named “ BSED ENGLISH II- SPEECH AND THEATER ARTS” and add me on. Your subject teacher will provide you further instructions or activities through it. Update and check the GC from time to time. Deadline is deadline. Late submissions will no longer be catered. Failure to follow the instructions would mean deductions on your submitted tasks. Stay safe at home God bless!
- Your Subject Instructor Before we finally start, answer the following:
SPEECH
AND MODULE (PRELIM)
NAME:__________________________________ CONTACT INFO.:__________________________ ADDRESS:_______________________________ YR. & SECTION:___________________________ WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT THIS MODULE
####### GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS:
Why is speech important?
Why is it important to study speech and theater arts? Write your answer on a short
bondpaper.
SPEECH: ITS NATURE AND IMPORTANCE
Research “Credo” by E. Christian Buckner on the internet and answer the following questions:
1. Do you agree with paragraph 1? Explain your stand.
2. Do you agree with paragraph 2? Explain.
3. Which paragraph encourages you to improve your speech ability? Why?
4. Which paragraph do you find the most meaningful?
(Answers can be handwritten or printed on a short bond paper. )
A. Diagnostic Reading : “SOUNDS OF ENGLISH”
Pay close attention to the vowels, diphthongs, consonants and their various combinations.
Blend your words smoothly. Take note of proper phrasing or pausing. Stress content words
and de-stress unimportant ones. This test shall serve as a gauge of your speaking skills and
weaknesses in English as a spoken language.
Now, take a video of yourself while reading the article below following the above instruction.
Do the reading as if you are in front of the class while your teacher and classmates are
listening. Follow the guidelines in oral reading and proper use of the pause found on the next
pages of this module.
“ Speech is the Best Show Man Puts on”
If the world is the greatest stage, and man is the most important actor, then speech is
the best show man puts on, for communication reflects man’s countless aspirations and
frustrations, his proudest accomplishments and ignoble failures. Without words and the
power to voice them, imagine how difficult, if not impossible it would be for man to
coordinate his activities. One’s relations with his fellow beings depend largely on words. Of
course, he may write his thoughts out, but man continuously presents himself verbally,
expressing his needs, feelings, ideas and reactions, thus exhibiting an incredible range of
behavior.
Rightly or wrongly, one is often judged not only by what he says, but how he says it.
Nothing so instantly reveals one’s background, training, self-discipline and education than one’s
language. And the measure of one’s cultivation of his communication skills announces to the
world: THIS IS I.
So, for man to put on his best show then, the desire for success should be his utmost
concern. And success depends upon his efforts to develop his communication skills—skills that
shall sharpen his ability to express himself consistently, clearly and convincingly. In a democratic
society such as ours, the ability to express ideas is as necessary as the capacity to have ideas, no
matter how simple or complex the situation maybe. Whether one talks to a friend, a small group
or a large audience, the impression one makes depends very much on the ease and liveliness with
which he talks, how he advances or defends his convictions and his attractiveness of his speaking
voice.
B. DIAGNOSTIC TEST: ACCENTUATION AND PRONUNCIATION
Below are thirty words often misaccented and mispronounced by most students. Read the
word orally and put the primary accent (‘) on top of the vowel sound of the syllable that
carries the stress. Write your answer on a short bond paper. Ex: ‘athlete
1. Infamous 16. radiator
2. Comparable 17. deficit
3. Preferable 18. affluence
4. February 19. laboratory
5. grievous 20. pedestal
6. camouflage 21. barbarous
7. subtle 22. circumstance
8. admirable 23. comfortable
9. integral 24. spiritual
10. ceremony 25. interesting
11. reputable 26. orator
12. cemetery 27. baptism
13. fascism 28. candidacy
14. lamentable 29. restaurant
15. satiable 30. Characterized
How do you sound to others? Have you often asked yourself, “ Is my voice working for,
or against me?”
Identifying your weakness is your first step in improving your voice.
Improving the voice is accompanied for the most part by being conscious of it and
taping your voice is one of the best means to do so. What was your reaction the first time
you heard yourself on tape? Were you surprised or did you say, “That doesn’t sound like me
at all! “ But your friends will say otherwise.
PART 1
DEVELOPING EFFECTIVE SPEECH HABITS AND SKILLS
1
VOCAL QUALITIES 2
- The twins twisted the twines with tweezers.
- Twenty birds tweeted among the twigs, while the howling winds whoozed through the trees.
- The twelve women in tweeds twisted from their waists to the rhythm of the twanging guitars.
- When will Wanda willingly follow orders without whining?
- Why wait when the waiters are whiling away the time?
- Meet my willing servants: Who and what and where and when; Why and How?
- “Whither and whence did Wilhelm depart? “ the bewildered Wilda wanted to know.
- If you had a wishing well, what would you wish for?
- The wandering waif waved the wand and made a wish.
- The wily wench whispered and wheedled until the wizard granted her whims. Care of the Voice One final reminder: Take good care of your voice. The good qualities you are striving to develop and maintain will be negated by having a hoarse voice. Here are some practical tips:
- Avoid strain. When others speak too loudly, don’t try to drown out their voices with your own. Get attention by some mechanical means, such as rapping the table, then speak with quiet emphasis.
- Do not smoke.
- If you have a cold that has affected your chest, speak as little as possible. The strain may cause nodes(callouses), resulting in permanent hoarseness.
- Don’t clear the throat by force. Try panting to remove the phlegm. Keep your voice vital or animated. A vital voice has life. A vital voice will keep you vital.
####### ORAL READING
It is reading what someone else has written. The material read could range from the simple, strictly utilitarian acts of reading instructions or explanations, the minutes of a meeting, or students’ reports on their assignments. It may refer to the reading of the homily or passages related to religious rites. It could also refer to the more specialized forms such as other person’s speeches, poetry, essays or drama. The term interpretation or interpretive speech usually applies to these specialized forms. Is it important to develop oral reading skills? Why?(Write your answer on short bond paper) (10pts.) Some Guidelines for Oral Reading
- Study the meaning of the material. Was it satisfying? You must understand before you can share. a. Look for unfamiliar words and phrases. If a word has two or more meanings, choose the meaning that fits the context. b. Find the central idea and keep it in your mind. c. Analyze the purpose of the writer. You can deduce this from the mood of the selection.
- Use your voice properly. a. Use the right pitch and inflection to express the motive. b. Use the right timing. Vary your rate to suit the material. Use a slower rate for formal material or a large audience; faster, for a material meant to amuse. c. Read loud enough to reach all listeners. d. Use proper phrasing.
- Units of meaning are derived from phrases rather than from words or sentences.
- Phrasing helps the reader to control breathing.
- The listener can keep up more easily with the reader.
- Pronounce words clearly and read fluently. However, avoid being over-precise.
- Look at your audience between phrases or lines. Take care not to lose your place in the lines of type.
- Read with appropriate expression.
- Hold your material high enough for you to see clearly. Don’t cover your face.
- Hold your head in such a way that there is no constriction in your neck, jaw, and throat.
- Avoid distracting mannerisms.
- Know when to emphasize and when to subordinate ideas. Repeat occasionally to emphasize and make the meaning clear. PAUSING The most effective device in finding the correct and proper pace in reading and speaking is the use of the pause. Without pause, there is no such thing as pace because everything would then be given at the same rate and speed. How would you compare “pausing” to the signs giving the speed limits while driving along the high way? Write your answer on a bondpaper. Effective Use of the Pause To be understood, you must use observe the following:
- Commas, semicolons, and colons generally indicate a pause of some length.
- Between phrases where there is no punctuation, it is wise to pause to help convey the meaning.
- Pause before an important word, name or title.
- The pause is most effective in building suspense.
PART 2 PUBLIC SPEAKING AND OTHER SPEECH SITUATIONS
What is public speaking?
Basically, it's a presentation that's given live before an audience. Public speeches can cover a wide variety
of different topics. The goal of the speech may be to educate, entertain, or influence the listeners. Often,
visual aids in the form of an electronic slideshow are used to supplement the speech and make it more
interesting to the listeners.
Because public speaking is done before a live audience, there are some special factors the speaker needs
to take into consideration.
11 speaking competencies which we consider to be the standards for evaluating a variety of presentations
at every level of mastery. These are based on the Public Speaking Competence Rubric [PSCR].
1. Useful topic. The first speaking competency is to select a topic that is appropriate to the audience and
the occasion. An advanced speaker selects a worthwhile topic that engages the audience. His topic also
presents the audience with new information that they did not know before the speech. A beginning
speaker selects a topic that lacks originality or is out of date. His topic provides no new information to the
audience. An ineffective speaker may give a speech in which a single topic cannot be deduced by the
audience.
2. Engaging introduction. To formulate an introduction that orients the audience to the topic and the
speaker is the second speaking competency. An advanced speaker writes an introduction that contains an
excellent attention-getter. She firmly establishes her credibility. She provides a sound orientation to the
topic, states her thesis clearly, and previews her points in a cogent and memorable way. For the beginning
speaker, her attention-getter is mundane and she somewhat develops her credibility. Her thesis is
awkwardly composed and she provides little direction for the audience. The ineffective speaker has no
opening technique, no credibility statement and provides no background on the topic. In addition she has
no thesis statement and no preview of her points.
3. Clear organization. Competency three is to use an effective organizational pattern. An advanced
speaker is very well organized and delivers a speech with clear main points. His points are mutually
exclusive and directly related to the thesis. Further, he employs effective transitions and signposts to help
the speech flow well. The beginning speaker has main points that are somewhat organized, but the
content of these points may overlap. Transitions may also be present in his speech, but they are not
particularly effective. In the ineffective speaker’s speech, there is no clear organizational pattern, there are
no transitions, and it sounds as if the information is randomly presented.
Don’t leave inferences to be drawn when evidence can be presented. ~ Richard Wright
4. Well-supported ideas. Fourth on the list of speaking competencies is to locate, synthesize, and employ
compelling supporting materials. In the advanced speaker’s speech, her key points are well supported
with a variety of credible materials, and her sources provide excellent support for her thesis. In addition, all
of her sources are clearly cited. A beginning speaker has points that are generally supported with a fair mix
of materials. Only some of her evidence supports her thesis, and her source citations need to be clarified.
An ineffective speaker gives a speech with no supporting materials or no source citations.
5. Closure in conclusion. The fifth speaking competency is to develop a conclusion that reinforces the
thesis and provides psychological closure. The advanced speaker provides a clear and memorable summary
of his points, and he refers back to the thesis or big picture. His speech also ends with a strong clincher or
call to action. A beginning speaker provides some summary of his points, but there is no clear reference
back to his thesis. The closing technique of his speech can also be strengthened. In an ineffective speaker’s
speech, there is no conclusion. His speech ends abruptly and without closure.
6. Clear and vivid language. To demonstrate a careful choice of words is the sixth speaking competency. An
advanced speaker’s language is exceptionally clear, imaginative and vivid. Her language is also completely
free from bias, grammatical errors and inappropriate usage. The beginning speaker selects language that is
adequate to make her point. She has some errors in grammar and occasionally uses slang, jargon or
awkward sentence structure. The ineffective speaker has many errors in her grammar and syntax. She also
mispronounces words and extensively uses slang, jargon, and/or sexist or racist terms.
7. Suitable vocal expression. Competency number seven is to effectively use vocal expression
and paralanguage to engage the audience. Excellent use of vocal variation, intensity and pacing are
characteristics of the advanced speaker. His vocal expression is also natural and enthusiastic, and he avoids
fillers. Some vocal variation is evident in the beginning speaker’s speech. He also enunciates clearly, speaks
audibly, and generally avoids fillers (e., “um,” “uh,” “like,” etc.). An ineffective speaker is inaudible,
enunciates poorly, and speaks in a monotone voice. His speech also has poor pacing, and he distracts
listeners with fillers.
8. Corresponding nonverbals. Eighth on the list of competencies is to demonstrate nonverbal behavior
that supports the verbal message. An advanced speaker has posture, gestures, facial expression and eye
contact that are natural, well developed, and display high levels of poise and confidence. Some reliance on
notes is seen with the beginning speaker, but she has adequate eye contact. She also generally avoids
distracting mannerisms. The ineffective speaker usually looks down and avoids eye contact. She has
nervous gestures and other nonverbal behaviors that distract from or contradict the message.
Body language is a very powerful tool. We had body language before we had speech, and apparently,
80% of what you understand in a conversation is read through the body, not the words. ~ Deborah Bull
9. Adapted to the audience. The ninth speaking competency is to successfully adapt the presentation to
the audience. The advanced speaker shows how information is important to audience members, and his
speech is tailored to their beliefs, values and attitudes. He may also make allusions to culturally shared
experiences. A beginning speaker assumes but does not articulate the importance of the topic. His
presentation is minimally adapted to the audience, and some of the ideas presented in the speech are
removed from the audience’s frame of reference or experiences. An ineffective speaker’s speech is
Use of Ethos, Logos and Pathos Ethos relies on a trustworthy source. So, when the Surgeon General warns against the use of tobacco products, people perk up. We know that people who use tobacco products receive plenty of guff from friends and family about how bad a habit it is. While there is probably no sense dismissing their claims, is the outcry enough? After all, the advice does not come from expert testimony. Now when the Surgeon General takes up the cause to warn the public about the dangers of firsthand and secondhand smoke, people listen up. Not because he is a better speaker, but because the Surgeon General is an authoritative figure who possesses the education and experience to speak on health issues, like smoking. So, we pay attention. Logos works differently. It relies on deductive and inductive reasoning. Deductive reasoning works from the top down. This means, it goes from a very broad conclusion to a very specific conclusion. Perhaps an example will help. I cut down on my calorie intake by 500 calories a day for a week. I lost two pounds in that week. Therefore, if I cut down my calories by 500 a day every week, I will lose two pounds every week. This conclusion relies on deductive reasoning. In public speaking, a speaker will use this method to prove that there is a logical reason for the claim because it relies on a correct original premise, like the fact that lowering calorie intake aids in weight loss. In our example, this may very well be enough to convince an audience to cut down on the cake to lose weight. Now inductive reasoning works from the bottom up. The opposite of deductive reasoning, it moves from specific to broad conclusions. To use our earlier example, I would say that this week I lost two pounds. I also ate 500 calories less per day. This means that if I lost two pounds this week, it must be because I shaved off 500 calories per day. What makes inductive reasoning less reliable is that there are variables that could also be introduced to affect the results. So, losing two pounds this week could be the result of other things as well: sickness, more exercise, less fat intake, etc. I can't attribute the weight loss to cutting calories with certainty. In either type of reasoning, nothing can be proved based on the facts. It must be inferred, or assumed based on the information, by the audience. This makes it of a more logical response to the speaker's words based on the premises. The entire argument is believable because each individual premise holds truth. Pathos is an emotional appeal by the speaker. When a speaker invokes an emotional call to action, he is tugging at the heartstrings of his audience. This is a pretty strong way to persuade people to do something. Fear, joy, happiness, trust and anger are emotions that get attention. This is used quite often in advertising. For example, an advertisement for a home security system may get a higher response if it shows a mother and a baby at home during a break-in because it instills fear in the viewer. Being burglarized is scary enough. Being home with a small child while a crazed burglar enters your home is downright terrifying. So, a speaker who uses experiences that evoke strong emotion is highly likely to gain audience attention. And while modern-day public speakers use the same methods to communicate their message to large groups of people, contemporary public speaking must employ an up-to-date approach. Contemporary Public Speaking In Grecian times, there were fewer public speakers and a smaller audience. Nowadays, it is much more difficult for a public speaker to gain audience approval simply because there are so many venues in which a public voice can be heard. Ethics and Public Speaking The First Amendment of the Constitution protects our right to free speech. That's a given right to all citizens of the United States. But is freedom of speech always ethical? Let's explore this question. If you define ethics as rules of conduct all human beings should possess that reflect what's right and just, then just how far can a public speaker stretch the boundaries of what is legal and what is right? Good question! As far back as Aristotle's days, there was evidence that public speakers should adhere to five simple principles: Trustworthiness Integrity in the subject matter Respect for others Dignity in conduct Truthfulness in message Even in modern times, people expect that speakers will uphold these timeless standards. So, how does a speaker earn an audience's approval? The Ethical Public Speaker It is difficult to ignore the hate-filled speeches of people, like Adolf Hitler or the Ku Klux Klan. The messages of violence, extreme power and supremacy are enough to make our skin crawl. Suppose you are commissioned to write a speech for your company. In that assignment, you must wage an argument for something that you do not believe in. For example, some people don't believe in wearing fur coats. If you are one of those people, you are faced with a challenge to write a positive speech about the benefits of wearing fur. You may decide to side with your own value system and choose not to get involved. Or you may have little choice but to hit the keys and start writing. Few tips to get the trust of the audience: Make sure that the message you are sending is ethically sound Use information that is truthful Avoid biases and stereotypes Believe in your own claims Show respect for the audience Be prepared In our example, the subject of the speech may be unethical, but the message doesn't have to be. You might begin your speech by stating the facts about the humane treatment of the animals used for fur coats. Your choice of words will help send a more positive message. You should avoid using biases or stereotypes when speaking to a group. If you are promoting a line of fur coats, it is best to remain objective about it. Avoid generalizing or specifically bashing those who do not agree with your argument.
For as much as you can, believe in what you are saying. It may be difficult to agree with the topic at times, but as long as there is some part of the speech that you do agree with, it will come across as truthful. Respect your audience's beliefs and values, as well. While you don't have to share the exact same moral code, it's best to align your speech so that there are overlapping beliefs and values. Be prepared. Not only for the speech but also for questions that may follow afterwards. Speaking before a crowd can provoke anxiety even in the most seasoned speakers. There are several tips and strategies a public speaker can employ to reduce the level of stress associated with public speaking. Public Speaking Anxiety So, you are all set to give a speech of a lifetime, and all of a sudden, it hits you - palms begin to sweat, teeth chatter, dizziness, and even heart palpitations. At first, you think you are coming down with the flu bug. Nope, you're not. You're suffering public speaking anxiety, which is sometimes called glossophobia, and it's a form of stage fright where one is fearful of public scrutiny. Don't think you're crazy. There is a perfectly logical explanation for this. You see, when we are scared of something, our minds tell us we have to do everything we can to survive. So, when faced with public speaking, our body reacts by sweating, fast heartbeat and other symptoms. In turn, our mind plays right into it. This can be paralyzing. Did you know it is one of the most common phobias? It happens to some of the most seasoned speakers. It is so common that many people have plans in place to avoid public speaking. It can be so debilitating, people with performance anxiety may choose a career where they will never be asked to speak before a crowd. Others may choose college courses that will never require an oral presentation. It is known that we humans can only concentrate on one complex task at a time. So, with that in mind, it boils down to two variables: How well you will do making the speech weighed against how important are the consequences of doing well. Let's make sense out of this. If you were a leading expert in something and made a speech before an audience who knew less than you, the consequences of doing well may be lower because the audience expectations will be lower. However, if you had to perform before an audience who knew what you know and even more, the consequences are higher. This can provoke anxiety because the consequences for doing a good job are much higher. So, you're thinking this is all well and good. But it doesn't help much as I spin into a panic attack at the very thought of walking out on stage. So, what can a person do to overcome stage fright? Overcoming Public Speaking Anxiety There are many ways in which a person can overcome their fear of public speaking. Let's explore some of the options: Prepare ahead of time Practice your speech Don't expect to be perfect Get rid of negative self-talk Locate pleasant faces in the audience Visualize success Breathe between lines Let's break down each strategy. Prepare the content of the speech. It will boost confidence that the information is accurate and on-point. This can eliminate the fear of the audience thinking you are, well, not so smart. Practice it over and over again even if it means presenting your speech to your cat. In fact, your cat may be the perfect audience because she is not confrontational and probably knows little on the topic. This may ease discomfort because you will be very comfortable with the flow of the speech. Don't expect to be perfect. Perfection is not possible. You may blurt out something you did not intend. Think about the worst thing that can happen. Probably nothing serious will come from a small misstep. A minor slip up probably will not even be noticed. Note: Compile and fasten all your outputs on this module in a short folder having the following details on the front page: Name of School School Address OUTPUTS in EES 109 (SPEECH AND THEATER ARTS) PRELIM Submitted by: Submitted to:
Toazliterary criticism
Course: Bachelor of Secondary Education (BSED)
University: Mindanao State University
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