- Information
- AI Chat
Biochem Midterms
BIOCHEMISTRY (CHM3)
Our Lady of Fatima University
Recommended for you
Preview text
BIOCHEMISTRY WEEK 8
METABOLISM ENERGY PRODUCTION
Biochemical energy is the energy stored in organic and living matter. The primary energy-releasing pathways of metabolism involve the breakdown and synthesis of carbohydrates, lipids, and amino acids. Energy Flow in the Biosphere Energy is transferred between organisms in food webs from producers to consumers. The energy is used by organisms to carry out complex tasks. The vast majority of energy that exists in food webs originates from the sun and is converted (transformed) into chemical energy by the process of photosynthesis in plants. Producer→ Primary Consumer→ Secondary Consumer→ Apex (Tertiary Consumer) CELL STRUCTURE MITOCHONDRIA are membrane-bound cell organelles that generate most of the chemical energy needed to power the cell's biochemical reactions Functions of the Mitochondria
Regulates the metabolic activity of the cell
Promotes the growth of new cells and cell multiplication
Helps in detoxifying ammonia in the liver cells
Plays an important role in apoptosis or programmed cell death
Responsible for building certain parts of the blood and various hormones like testosterone and estrogen
Helps in maintaining an adequate concentration of calcium ions within the compartments of the cell
It is also involved in various cellular activities like cellular differentiation, cell signaling, cell senescence, controlling the cell cycle and also in cell growth CYTOPLASM Cytoplasm is the gelatinous liquid that fills the inside of a cell. It is composed of water, salts,'and various organic molecules. Some intracellular organelles, such the nucleus and mitochondria, are enclosed by membranes that separate them from the cytoplasm. Function of Cytoplasm
The cytoplasm is home to many activities of the cell as it contains molecules, enzymes that are crucial in the break down of the waste.
The cytoplasm also assists in metabolic activities.
Cytoplasm provides shape to the cell.
A part of the cytoplasm, the cytosol has no organelles. Rather, the cytosol is enclosed by matrix boundaries that fill up the cell section which does not hold the organelles. CELLULAR RESPIRATION Cellular respiration is a metabolic pathwaythatuses glucose to produce adenosine triphosphate(ATP), an organic compound the bodycanusefor energy. STEPS OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION Steps of Cellular Respiration: GLYCOLYSIS is the process in which glucose is brokendowntoproduce energy. It produces two molecules of pyruvate,ATP, NADH and water. The process takes place in the cytoplasmof a cell and does not require oxygen. Glycolysis Pathway Step 1: Hexokinase Step 2: Phosphoglucose Isomerase Step 3: Phosphoructokinase Step 4: Aldolase Step 5: Triosephosphate isomerase Step 6: Glyceraldehyde- 3 - phosphate Dehydrogenase Step 7: Phosphoglycerate Kinase Step 8: Phosphoglycerate Mutase Step 9: Enolase Step 10: Pyruvate Kinase Steps of Cellular Respiration: PYRUVATE OXIDATION is the connector reaction between glycolysis in the cellular cytoplasm and the Krebs cycle in the mitochondrial matrix. Pyruvate Oxidation Pathway Step 1: A carboxyl group is removed from pyruvate, releasing a molecule of carbon dioxide into the surrounding medium. Step 2: NAD+ is reduced to NADH Step 3: An acetyl group is transferred to co- enzyme A, resulting in acetyl CoA Steps of Cellular Respiration: CITRIC ACID CYCLE is a metabolic pathway that connects carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism.
Biochem Midterms
Course: BIOCHEMISTRY (CHM3)
University: Our Lady of Fatima University
