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Carbohydrate Digestion and Absorption
BIOCHEMISTRY (CHM3)
Our Lady of Fatima University
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CARBOHYDRATES
● Most abundant biomolecule ● Polyhydroxy ketone or aldehyde ● Contains CHO ● May be branched or unbranched ● Can be mono, di, oligo, and poly ● Monosaccharides ○ Glucose ○ Galactose ○ Fructose ○ Ribose ● Disaccharides (MCLS) ○ Maltose ○ Cellobiose ○ Lactose ○ Sucrose ● Polysaccharides (Storage, Structure, Acidic) ○ 2 forms: homopolysaccharides (all except acidic), heteropolysaccharides (acidic) ○ Storage: starch (plants), glycogen (animals) ○ Structural: cellulose, chitin ○ Acidic: hyaluronic acid (lubricants in fluids of joints), heparin (blood anticoagulant) DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION OF CARBOHYDRATES
- Magkakaiba ang process of digestion and formation of acetyl coA ng carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins Digestion - the biochemical process by which food molecules, through hydrolysis, are broken down into simpler chemical units that can be used by cells for their metabolic needs. ● Mouth ○ Physical: mastication (chewing of food) through teeth ○ Chemical: due to the presence of saliva which contains salivary a-amylase ● Pharynx ○ Common passageway of food and air (pupunta sa trachea) ● Epiglottis ○ Separates the pharynx and the esophagus ● Esophagus ○ Passageway of food ○ Circular layers inside, longitudinal layers outside ● Gastroesophageal sphincter ● Stomach ○ Salivary a-amylase will deactivate because of the acidic nature of the stomach ○ Physical Digestion: peristaltic movement grinds the food
○ Chemical Digestion: due to the presence of gastric juice which contains hydrochloric acid (produced by parietal cells) ○ Layers: ■ Mucosa: innermost ■ Submucosa: thick layer of loose connective tissue that surrounds the mucosa; where u will find lymph nodes, blood vessels, diff nerves ■ Muscularis externa: responsible for the contraction (peristalsis) and movement of the food ■ Serosa: produces fluid; acts as a lubricant and reduces friction from muscle movement ● Pyloric Sphincter ● Small Intestine ○ Parts: ■ Duodenum (0): digestion; (aka mixing pole) mixes bile from liver and digestive juices from pancreas (pancreatic juice); pinakamaiksi ● Enzymes like maltase, lactase, sucrase; ○ Disaccharides to monosaccharides ■ Jejunum: absorption (villi absorbs glucose, galactose, and fructose via active transport then it will go to the blood) ■ Ilium: absorption Peristalsis - involuntary; contraction and relaxation movement that facilitates the movement of food to the entire gastrointestinal tract (kaya kahit nakabaligtad, bababa parin yung food Bolus - partially chewed food in the mouth Chyme - semifluid mass of partially digested food and digestive secretions Why is it important that the contents of the stomach do not go to the esophagus? Heartburn - burning sensation in the chest that happens when stomach acids back up into the esophagus.
The feeling of acid reflux is heartburn: a mild burning sensation in the mid-chest, often occurring after meals or when lying down. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a more serious form of acid reflux. In GERD, the backflow of stomach acid occurs chronically and causes damage to the body over time
It’s called heartburn because of its proximity to the heart.
The mucosal barrier protects the stomach from self-digestion.
Mucuous is a thick fluid secreted by the inner lining of the stomach. It protects the lining of the stomach from gastric juice
In the presence of hydrochloric acid, the zymogen pepsinogen is activated into pepsin through enzyme activity. Pancreatic juice - neutralizes gastric juice to provide optimal pH for enzymes to function.
Magreresult sa pagkabulok so puputulin para maprevent si sepsis or septicemia (which can cause death)
Below the knee is preferred
Last resort ng doctor dapat yung pagputol Secretin - hormone that triggers the liver to produce additional bile Cholecystokinin - hormone that instructs the gallbladder to release the bile. 32 - average number of teeth Types of teeth: ● Incisors: helps cut into food when biting ● Canines: pointier than other types of teeth; help tear into foods like meat and crunchy vegetables ● Premolars: between the canines and the molars; help tear, crush and grind food into smaller pieces ● Molars: very back of your mouth; main chewing teeth, most of the chewing — about 90% — takes place here; includes wisdom tooth Parts of teeth ● Crown: exposed part ● Root: nasa loob ng gum Yellow teeth - the outer cover of the teeth is white, the inner is thinner. So if the outer cover is thinner, the teeth appear yellow Enamel - main substance in the teeth
Carbohydrate Digestion and Absorption
Course: BIOCHEMISTRY (CHM3)
University: Our Lady of Fatima University
