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INTRODUCTION TO BIOCHEMISTRY

BIOCHEMESTRY: INTRODUCTION
Course

BIOCHEMISTRY (CHM3)

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Our Lady of Fatima University

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ReviewerPRELIMSBiochemistry

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OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY

MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE

CHEM 123: BIOCHEMISTRY

INTRODUCTION

  • Science of the chemical basis of life.
  • Aka “Biological Chemistry” o Subdiscipline of biology and chemistry
  • Chemical processes that relates to living organisms, and give rise to life’s complexities.
  • The study of the chemical constituents of living cells and of the chemical processes they undergo.
  • Overlaps with various disciplines o Physiology, immunology, pharmacology, toxicology, pathology, microbiology, zoology, and botany.

Inorganic biomolecules: water and inorganic salts Organic biomolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

  • As isolated compounds, inorganic and organic biomolecules have no life in and of themselves. Yet when these substances are gathered together in a cell, their chemical interactions are able to sustain life which is called the biochemical pathways.

A. Carbohydrates o Consists primarily of carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O). Water- soluble. o Non-polar o Major metabolic fuel of most mammals and a universal fuel of the fetus. o Common provider in the form of glucose

  • Classified as: 1: basic saccharide unit. 2: 2 monosaccharide units. 3: 3 to 10 monosaccharide units. 4: greater than 10 monosaccharide units. B. Lipids o Consists primarily of carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and (O) but water- insoluble. o Alternative metabolic fuel. Used as thermal insulator in fat tissues and electrical insulator in nerve tissues.
  • Classified as:
    1. Simple lipids - Esters of fatty acids with

various alcohols. Ex. Fat, oil, and wax. 2. Complex lipids - Esters of fatty acids containing groups in addition to an alcohol and a fatty acid. Ex. Phospholipid C. Proteins o Macromolecules made up of amino acids containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. o Multiple functions such as:

  1. catalyzes metabolic reactions,
  2. DNA replication,
  3. stimulus response,
  4. cell structure,
  5. molecule transport.
  • Structurally classified as: 1 Primary structure – a single sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. 2. Secondary structure – multiple sequence of amino acids that forms α-helix and the β- strand or β-sheets. 3. Tertiary structure – globular in structure. 4. Quaternary structure – a 3D aggregation of multiple peptide chains. D. Nucleic Acids o A chain of nucleotides which are made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. o Protein synthesis and coding of genetic information.
  • Classified as: 1. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) – translates into protein (amino acid sequences) from genetic information derived from genes. 2. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) – contains the blueprints used for the development and function of an organism

A. Water o The most abundant inorganic biomolecule of cells o made up of small, positively charged hydrogen atoms and one large negatively charged oxygen atom (H 2 O). o When the hydrogens bind to the oxygen, it creates an asymmetrical molecule with positive charge on one side and negative charge on the other side. o Water functions in cells as: 1. a universal solvent – interacts best with other polar molecules. 2. assists in regulating body temperature – cohesive property.

BIOCHEMISTRY

INORGANIC AND ORGANIC BIOMOLECULES

ORGANIC BIOMOLECULES

INORGANIC BIOMOLECULES

  1. supports cellular structure – cell shape.
  2. chemical reactions – acid-base balance. B. Inorganic Salts o formed through neutralization by the reaction between an acid and a base. o Does not contain C-H bonds.

  • Cellular inorganic salts include:  sodium chloride (NaCl),  calcium chloride (CaCl 2 ),  magnesium chloride (MgCl 2 ),  sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO 3 ),  potassium chloride (KCl),  sodium sulfate (Na 2 SO 4 ),  calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ),  calcium phosphate (Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2.

  • House of biomolecular reactions

  • Cells (from Latin cella , meaning "small room") were discovered by Robert Hooke (1665) who named them for their resemblance to the rooms in a monastery inhabited by Christian monks.

A. Theodor Schwann o Cells are the basic unit of life B. Matthias Jakob Schleiden o All living organisms are made up of cells C. Rudolf Virchow o All cells came from pre-existing cells

A. Prokaryotes

- grk. ( pro , 'before’; karyon , 'nut' or 'kernel’) “before nucleus” - Smaller in size. (1 to 5 microns) - Typically unicellular - Few cytoplasmic structures. - Synthesizes RNA and protein in the cytoplasm. - Multiplies through binary fission.

B. Eukaryotes

- grk. ( eu , "well" or "good“; karyon , "nut" or "kernel") “good nucleus” - Bigger in size. (10 to 100 microns) - Typically multicellular - Rich in cytoplasmic structures and possesses a cytoskeleton. - Has specific sites for RNA synthesis and protein synthesis. - Multiplies through mitosis or meiosis.

A. Nucleus o largest organelle. o contains the genetic material of the cell in the form of DNA within the nucleolus covered in chromatin. o bounded by a membrane system called nuclear envelope or nuclear membrane with nuclear pores. B. Centrosome o made up of a pair of centrioles. Organizes microtubules to participate in cell division. C. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) o major site for vital cellular activities, including Biosynthesis of proteins and lipids. o Encloses a series of intercommunicating channels called cisternae. - Has two types:

  1. Rough ER (RER) - production of membrane-associated proteins, proteins of many membranous organelles, and proteins to be secreted by exocytosis.
  2. Smooth ER (SER) - synthesis of phospholipids and steroids; detoxification of potentially harmful exogenous molecules; and collection and release of calcium. D. Golgi apparatus

THE CELL

COMPONENTS AND PROPONENTS OF CELL

THEORIES

TYPES OF CELLS

CELL ORGANELLES AND ITS FUNCTIONS

3. Glycolipid o lipids with sugar chains attached that extends away from the cell membrane. Main component of the glycocalyx. - Function: cell recognition. B. PROTEIN CONTENT

1. Integral protein o incorporated within the bilipid layer of the cell membrane. - Functions: controlled exchange of materials between the ECM and cytoplasm. 2. Peripheral protein o incorporated on the either side of the cell membrane. (cytoplasm side and ECM side) o Often known as “glycoproteins” - one of the components of the glycocalyx. o Often acts as a receptor.

- Function: anchor point of the glycolipid.

A. Passive Process o The movement of substances down a concentration gradient; o Does not consume cell’s energy; o Continues until equilibrium is achieved.

  1. Simple diffusion – unassisted movement of small, non-polar substances through a selectively permeable membrane. o Ex. O2 – CO2 exchange.

  2. Facilitated diffusion – assisted by a transport protein. a. Channel-mediated – movement via protein channels.  Ex. Na+ moving through Na+ channel. b. Carrier-mediated – movement via carrier protein.  Ex. Moving glucose by glucose carrier.

  3. Osmosis – movement of water through a semi- permeable membrane in relation with the solute concentration of the cell. o Ex. Solutes in blood in capillaries “pulls” fluid from interstitial space back into the blood. B. Active Process o movements of substances at the expense of cell’s energy.

    1. Active transport – transport of ions/small molecules against a concentration gradient with the use of protein pumps. a. Primary – Movement of substance up its concentration gradient. powered by ATP.  Ex. Ca2+ pumps transport Ca2+ out of cell. b. Secondary – Movement of a substance up its concentration gradient with the help of a second substance.  ex. Na+ c. Symport – movement of substance up its concentration gradient in the same direction as Na+.  Ex. Na+/glucose transport d. Antiport - movement of substance up its concentration gradient in the opposite direction as Na+.  Ex. Na+/H+ transport
    2. Vesicular transport – involvement of vesicles in bringing in materials and taking out materials from the cell. a. Exocytosis – movement of substance out of the cell. b. Endocytosis –movement of substances into the cell.  Ex. Phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis

CELL MEMBRANE TRANSPORT

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INTRODUCTION TO BIOCHEMISTRY

Course: BIOCHEMISTRY (CHM3)

365 Documents
Students shared 365 documents in this course

University: Our Lady of Fatima University

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OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY
MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE
CHEM 123: BIOCHEMISTRY
INTRODUCTION
- Science of the chemical basis of life.
- Aka “Biological Chemistry”
oSubdiscipline of biology and chemistry
- Chemical processes that relates to living
organisms, and give rise to life’s complexities.
- The study of the chemical constituents of living
cells and of the chemical processes they
undergo.
- Overlaps with various disciplines
oPhysiology, immunology,
pharmacology, toxicology, pathology,
microbiology, zoology, and botany.
Inorganic biomolecules: water and inorganic salts
Organic biomolecules: carbohydrates, lipids,
proteins, and nucleic acids
- As isolated compounds, inorganic and organic
biomolecules have no life in and of
themselves. Yet when these substances are
gathered together in a cell, their chemical
interactions are able to sustain life which is
called the biochemical pathways.
A. Carbohydrates
oConsists primarily of carbon (C),
hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O). Water-
soluble.
oNon-polar
oMajor metabolic fuel of most mammals
and a universal fuel of the fetus.
oCommon provider in the form of
glucose
- Classified as:
1.Monosaccharides: basic saccharide unit.
2.Disaccharides: 2 monosaccharide units.
3.Oligosaccharides: 3 to 10 monosaccharide
units.
4.Polysaccharides: greater than 10
monosaccharide units.
B. Lipids
oConsists primarily of carbon (C),
hydrogen (H) and (O) but water-
insoluble.
oAlternative metabolic fuel. Used as
thermal insulator in fat tissues and
electrical insulator in nerve tissues.
- Classified as:
1. Simple lipids - Esters of fatty acids with
various alcohols.
Ex. Fat, oil, and wax.
2. Complex lipids - Esters of fatty acids
containing groups in addition to an alcohol and
a fatty acid.
Ex. Phospholipid
C. Proteins
oMacromolecules made up of amino
acids containing carbon, hydrogen,
oxygen, and nitrogen.
oMultiple functions such as:
1. catalyzes metabolic reactions,
2. DNA replication,
3. stimulus response,
4. cell structure,
5. molecule transport.
- Structurally classified as:
1 Primary structure – a single sequence of
amino acids in a polypeptide chain.
2. Secondary structure – multiple sequence of
amino acids that forms α-helix and the β-
strand or β-sheets.
3. Tertiary structure – globular in structure.
4. Quaternary structure – a 3D aggregation of
multiple peptide chains.
D. Nucleic Acids
oA chain of nucleotides which are made
up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and
nitrogen.
oProtein synthesis and coding of
genetic information.
- Classified as:
1. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) – translates into
protein (amino acid sequences) from genetic
information derived from genes.
2. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) – contains the
blueprints used for the development and
function of an organism
A. Water
oThe most abundant inorganic
biomolecule of cells
omade up of small, positively charged
hydrogen atoms and one large
negatively charged oxygen atom
(H2O).
oWhen the hydrogens bind to the
oxygen, it creates an asymmetrical
molecule with positive charge on one
side and negative charge on the other
side.
oWater functions in cells as:
1. a universal solvent – interacts best
with other polar molecules.
2. assists in regulating body
temperature – cohesive property.
BIOCHEMISTRY
INORGANIC AND ORGANIC BIOMOLECULES
ORGANIC BIOMOLECULES
INORGANIC BIOMOLECULES

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