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Lipids - Simplest and understandable lecture notes for biochemistry

Simplest and understandable lecture notes for biochemistry
Course

BIOCHEMISTRY (CHM3)

365 Documents
Students shared 365 documents in this course
Academic year: 2018/2019
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Our Lady of Fatima University

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LIPIDS LIPIDS Fatty acids Contains C,H,O All lipids are hydrophobic Functions Lipids is an organic compound found in living organisms that is insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar organic solvents. Unlike carbohydrates and most other classes compounds, lipids do not have common structural feature that serves as the basis for defining such compounds. Classification of lipids Store energy regulate heat Make up cell membranes Cell messenger (sending chemical messages) Structure and classification of lipids Biochemical function o lipids o Membrane lipids o Emulsification lipids o Messenger lipids o lipids Hydrolysis o Saponifiable lipids: are converted into smaller molecules when hydrolysis occurs. o Nonsaponifiable lipids: cannot be broken up into smaller units since they do not react with water. It is a naturally occurring monocarboxylic acid. Fatty acids are rarely found free in nature but rather occur as part of the structure of more complex lipid molecule. Fatty acids nearly always contain an even number of carbon atoms and have a carbon chain that is unbranched. o fatty acids o fatty acids o fatty acids Types of fatty acids Saturated fatty acid Unsaturated fatty acid Polyunsaturated fatty acid Up to 6 double bonds are found in biochemically important PUFAs. Unsaturated fatty acids and position A numerical based shorthand system exist for specifying key structural parameters for fatty acids. Two numbers is separated a colon ( : ) , are used to specify the number of carbon atoms and the number of carbon to carbon double bonds present. o Example 18:0, 18:2, 18:2 18:3 Several different of Unsaturated fatty acids These family relationships become apparent when doublebond position is specified relative to the methyl end of the fatty acid carbon chain. positioning determined is denoted using Greek lowercase letter omega. LIPIDS Omega fatty acids fatty acids: is an unsaturated fatty acid with its endmost double bond three carbon atoms away from its methyl end. fatty acids: is an unsaturated fatty acid with its endmost double bond six carbon atoms away from its methyl end. Physical properties of fatty acids Solubility : water solubility for fatty acids is a direct functions of carbon chain length. Melting point: melting points for fatty acids are strongly influenced both carbon chain length and the degree of unsaturation. Classification of lipids: biochemical functions lipids: TRIGLYCERIDEs o It is concentrated primarily in special cells that are nearly filled with the material(triglycerides). o Most abundant type of lipid present in the human body. o It is formed an esterification reaction. Triglycerides: fats vs oil These are the foods that we eat (butter, lard, margarines, oil). Fats: are naturally occurring mixtures of triglycerides molecules in which many different kinds of triglyceride molecules are present. Oils: are also naturally occurring mixtures of triglycerides molecules in which many different kinds of triglyceride molecules are present. Fats are composed largely of triacylglycerols in which saturated fatty acids predominate, although some unsaturated fatty acids are present. Such triacylglycerols can pack closely together because of the of their fatty acid chains (Figure 19), thus causing the higher melting points associated with fats. Oils contain triacylglycerols with larger amounts of and polyunsaturated fatty acids than those in fats. Such triacylglycerols cannot pack as tightly together because of in their fatty acid chains (Figure 19). The result is lower melting points Fats are generally obtained from hence the term animal fat. Although fats are solids at room temperature, the warmer body temperature of the living animal keeps the fat somewhat liquid and thus allows for movement. Oils typically come from plants, although there are also oils. A would have some serious problems if its triacylglycerols when it encountered cold water. Pure fats and pure oils are colorless, odorless, and tasteless. The tastes, odors, and colors associated with dietary plant oils are caused small amounts of other naturally occurring substances present in the plant that have been carried along during processing. The presence of these compounds is usually considered desirable. Essential fatty acids It is a fatty acid needed in the human body that must be obtained from dietary sources. LIPIDS It is the membrane that gives the cells their individuality separating them from their environment. There are three common types of membrane lipids. Phospholipids Most abundant type of membrane lipids. It is a lipid that contains one or more fatty acids, phosphate group, a platform molecule to which the fatty and the phosphate group are attached, and an alcohol that is attached to the phosphate group. The platform molecule on which a phospholipid is built, may be a 3 carbon molecule or a more complex C18 aminodialcohol called Glycerophospholipid Is a lipid that contains two fatty acids and a phosphate group esterified to a glycerol molecule and an alcohol esterified to the phosphate group. Phosphatidyl group: Alcohol group: amino alcohols Phosphatidylcholine Also known as lecithins. Lecithin is probably the most common phospholipid. It is found in egg yolks, wheat germ, and soybeans. They are prevalent in cell membrane Also known as cephalins Cephalins contains ethanolamine or the amino acid serine attached to the phosphate group through phosphate ester bonds. Cephalins are found in most cell membranes, particularly in brain tissues. They also important in the blood clotting process as they are found in blood platelets. Sphingophospholipids Have a structures based on the monounsaturated aminodialcohol Is a lipid that contains one fatty acid and one phosphate group attached to a sphingosine molecule and an alcohol attached to the phosphate group. Sphingomyelins: sphingophospholipids that contains an alcohol esterified to the phosphate group. o Found also in all cell membranes and are important structural component of the myelin sheath. Sphingoglycolipids Is a lipid that contains both a fatty acid and a carbohydrate component attached to a sphingosine molecule. Cerebroside: The simplest sphingoglycolipids which contain a single monosaccharide unit.(glucose or galactose) Ganglioside: more complex than cerebroside. Found in the gray matter of the brain as well as in the myelin sheath. Cholesterol Phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidyl serine Is a specific compound rather than a family of compounds like phospholipids and sphingolipids. Its structures differs from other lipids. Consist of 4 ring structures. LIPIDS Also found on cell membrane It is a steroid which help in the synthesis of other steroid hormones. Found in the blood and carried a protein Eicosanoids Cell membranes Is a lipid based structure that separates a aqueous base interior from the aqueous environment surrounding the cell. Phospholipids, glycolipids, and cholesterols Emulsification: Bile Acids Emulsifier: is a substance that can disperse and stabilize substances as colloidal particles in an aqueous solutions. Bile acids: is a cholesterol derivative that functions as a agent in the aqueous environment of the digestive tract. Bile: is a fluid containing emulsifying agents that is secreted the liver and stored in the gallbladder and released into the small intestines during digestion. Messenger lipids: Steroid hormones, Eicosanoids Hormones: is a biochemical substance, produced a ductless gland, that has a messenger function. hormones serve as a means of communication between various tissues. But they are not all lipids. Steroid hormones: is a hormone that is cholesterol derivatives. o Sex hormones o adrenocorticoid Physiological effects of eicosanoids o For inflammatory response to tissue damage o The production of pain and fever o Regulation of blood pressure o Induction of blood clotting o Control of reproductive functions o Regulation of the cycle Types of eicosanoids:prostaglandin, thromboxanes and leukotrienes Prostaglandin: involved in many regulatory functions including raising of body temperature, inhibiting the secretion of gastric juices, increasing the secretion of a protective mucus layer in the stomach, relaxing and contracting smooth muscle, directing water and electrolyte balance, intensifying pain and enhancing inflammation responses. Thromboxane Leukotrienes: various inflammatory and hypersensitivity responses are associated with high levels of leukotrienes. Biological waxes Is a lipid that is a monoester of along chain fatty acid and a longa chain of alcohol. The fatty acids found in biological waxes are generally are saturated and contain 14 to 36 carbon atoms. The alcohols found in biological waxes may be saturated or unsaturated and may contain from 16 to 30 carbon atoms. Hydrolysis: saponifiable and nonsaponifiable

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Lipids - Simplest and understandable lecture notes for biochemistry

Course: BIOCHEMISTRY (CHM3)

365 Documents
Students shared 365 documents in this course

University: Our Lady of Fatima University

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LIPIDS
Contains C,H,O
All lipids are hydrophobic
Functions
Store energy
Insulation/ regulate heat
Make up cell membranes
Cell messenger (sending chemical messages)
Structure and classification of lipids
Lipids is an organic compound found in living organisms that
is insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar organic
solvents.
Unlike carbohydrates and most other classes compounds,
lipids do not have common structural feature that serves as
the basis for defining such compounds.
Classification of lipids
Biochemical function
oEnergy-storage lipids
oMembrane lipids
oEmulsification lipids
oMessenger lipids
oProtective-coating lipids
Hydrolysis
oSaponifiable lipids: are converted into smaller
molecules when hydrolysis occurs.
oNonsaponifiable lipids: cannot be broken up into
smaller units since they do not react with water.
Fatty acids
It is a naturally occurring monocarboxylic acid.
Fatty acids are rarely found free in nature but rather occur
as part of the structure of more complex lipid molecule.
Fatty acids nearly always contain an even number of carbon
atoms and have a carbon chain that is unbranched.
oLong-chain fatty acids
oMedium-chain fatty acids
oShort-chain fatty acids
Types of fatty acids
Saturated fatty acid
Unsaturated fatty acid
Polyunsaturated fatty acid
Up to 6 double bonds are found in biochemically important
PUFAs.
Unsaturated fatty acids and double-bond position
A numerical based shorthand system exist for specifying key
structural parameters for fatty acids.
Two numbers is separated by a colon ( : ) , are used to
specify the number of carbon atoms and the number of
carbon to carbon double bonds present.
oExample 18:0, 18:2, 18:2 (∆9,12), 18:3 (∆9,12,15)
Several different “families” of Unsaturated fatty acids
These family relationships become apparent when double-
bond position is specified relative to the methyl end of the
fatty acid carbon chain. Double-bond positioning
determined is denoted by using Greek lowercase letter
omega.
LIPIDS

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