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Midterm MIDTERMS English

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ENG 111

CONJUCNTIONS

AND

INTERJECTIONS

What is a Conjunction? - A conjunction is like glue. It helps things to stick together. - A conjunction joins words, phrases, and sentences, which are called clauses. There Are 3 Types of Conjunctions 1. Coordinating Conjunctions 2. Subordinating Conjunctions 3. Correlative Conjunctions What is a Conjunction? - Conjunctions join two or more words. Example: I went to the store to buy eggs, milk, and bread. - Conjunctions can join two prepositional phrases. Ex. I went skiing down the hill and past the trees. - Conjunctions can connect two clauses or sentences. - When two sentences are joined, a comma MUST be placed before the conjunction. Ex. I played cards for awhile, but then I played chess.

####### COORDINATING

####### CONJUNCTION

They connect words, phrases, and clauses, which are sentences.
They connect things of equal value. (This means that they would connect a noun with another noun or a prepositional phrase with another prepositional phrase.)
There are seven coordinating conjunctions: Use FANBOYS to remember: For And Nor But Or Yet So

FOR- shows reason or purpose AND- express addition NOR- when we are trying to connect non contrasting negative ideas BUT- show contrast OR- options or choices YET- contrast or exemptions SO- to connect sentences when the results are shown FOR FURTHER EXPLANATIONS: - “For” is also used to show a relationship between things. When it is used to combine two sentences, you must put a comma before it. Ex. I ordered a pizza, for I was hungry. - “And” connects things that are alike or Joined together. Ex. I want popcorn and pizza. - “But” is used to connect things that are different or separated. Ex. I want popcorn but not pizza. - “Or” is used to offer a choice. Ex. Do I want popcorn or pizza?

“Nor” is used to offer a negative choice. Ex. I do not want popcorn nor pizza.
“Yet” is used to show a change. When it is used to combine two sentences, you must put a comma before it. Ex. I want popcorn, yet I also want pizza.
“So” is used to show a relationship between things. When it is used to combine two sentences, you must put a comma before it. Ex. I want popcorn, so I made some.

SUBORDINATING

CONJUCNTION

A subordinating conjunction- -Connects a dependent clause (a clause that cannot be written as a separate sentence) with an independent clause. EXAMPLES: IF, WHILE, BECAUSE, ALTHOUGH, AFTER, BEFORE, UNLESS, WHEN, UNTIL, SINCE, THEN, AS

####### COHESION AND

####### COHERENCE

Cohesion and Coherence - terms used in discourse analysis to clarify the reliability of written discourses. 1. Cohesion: Cohesion refers to the grammatical and lexical elements within a text that help connect and unify its different parts. It involves the use of transitional words, phrases, and techniques that make a text more organized and easier to follow. Cohesion is crucial for maintaining the flow and logical structure of a text. Some common cohesive devices include:  Reference: Using pronouns (he, she, it), demonstratives (this, that), or definite articles (the) to refer back to previously mentioned elements. For example: "John loves pizza. He eats it every Friday."  Conjunctions: Using conjunctions like "and," "but," "or," and "however" to connect sentences and show relationships between ideas. For example: "I like coffee, but my friend prefers tea."  Substitution: Replacing a word or phrase with another word or phrase to avoid repetition. For example: "Mary loves pizza; Sarah does too."  Ellipsis: Omitting words that can be understood from the context. For example: "She likes ice cream, and he [likes ice cream] too."  Lexical Cohesion: Using words and phrases that are related in meaning to connect ideas and create a sense of continuity. For example: "The dog barked loudly. Its persistent howling could be heard for miles." 2. Coherence: Coherence refers to the overall quality of a text that makes it logically organized, making it easy for the reader or

listener to understand the message and follow the flow of information. Coherence is achieved by structuring ideas in a clear and logical manner, ensuring that there is a smooth progression of information from one part of the text to another. Coherence involves more than just grammatical and lexical elements; it's about the larger context and the relationships between ideas. Achieving coherence may involve:  Logical Organization: Arranging ideas and information in a logical order, such as chronological, spatial, or cause-and-effect.  Consistency: Maintaining consistency in tone, style, and terminology throughout the text.  Relevance: Including only information that is relevant to the topic or purpose of the text and avoiding unnecessary digressions.  Transitions: Using transitional phrases and devices to signal shifts in topic or perspective.  Clarity: Ensuring that the meaning of each sentence or paragraph is clear and easy to understand.  Thematic Progression: Developing a text in a way that the main theme or message is developed and expanded upon systematically. Both cohesion and coherence are essential for effective communication. While cohesion deals with the specific elements that connect sentences and ideas within a text, coherence addresses the overall quality and organization of the text to ensure it is coherent and easy to understand.

 Some indefinite pronouns that are modified by a prepositional phrase may be either singular or plural. EITHER SINGULAR OR PLURAL: some, any, none, all, most Examples: Sugar is uncountable; therefore, the sentence has a singular referent pronoun. Jewelry is uncountable; therefore, the sentence has a singular referent pronoun. Examples: Marbles are countable; therefore, the sentence has a plural referent pronoun. Jewels are countable; therefore, the sentence has a plural referent pronoun. 3. Compound subjects joined by and always take a plural referent. Example: 4. With compound subjects joined by or/nor, the referent pronoun agrees with the antecedent closer to the pronoun. Example #1 (plural antecedent closer to pronoun): Example #2 (singular antecedent closer to pronoun): Note: Example #1, with the plural antecedent closer to the pronoun, creates a smoother sentence than example #2, which forces the use

of the singular "his or her." 5. Collective Nouns (group, jury, crowd, team, etc.) may be singular or plural, depending on meaning. In this example, the jury is acting as one unit; therefore, the referent pronoun is singular. In this example, the jury members are acting as twelve individuals; therefore, the referent pronoun is plural. 6. Titles of single entities. (books, organizations, countries, etc.) take a singular referent. EXAMPLES: 7. Plural form subjects with a singular meaning take a singular referent. (news, measles, mumps, physics, etc) EXAMPLE: 8. Every or Many a before a noun or a series of nouns requires a singular referent. EXAMPLES: 9. The number of vs A number of before a subject:  The number of is singular.  A number of is plural.

SOME OTHER TYPES ARE:  Definition  Restatement or Synonym  Contrast or Antonym  Comparison  Example  List of series  Cause and Effect  Description or Inference

ADJECTIVES &

ADVERBS

RULES TO FOLLOW ADJECTIVES

Modifies Nouns
Modifies Pronouns

####### TYPES ADJECTIVES

Proper Adjectives: French fries, Spanish bread
Collective Adjectives: The rich of Connecticut are responsible.
Possessive Adjectives: My, your, his, her  The bakery sold his favorite bread.  Children are neglected by their parents.
Demonstrative Adjectives this - these; that – those Pron.: This is my house. Adj.: This house is mine. - Interrogative Adjectives Pron.: What is your name? Adj.: What book are you reading?
Indefinite Adjectives Pron. Many attended the meeting. Adj: Many people believe that corporations are under-taxed. DEFINITION OF AN ADJECTIVE:
It tells what kind of person, place, or thing. A noun or a pronoun is.
It may also point out which one or how many. EXAMPLES:
The ship was an English vessel. (what kind)
This factory is mine. (which one)
Many people enjoy the annual dinner. (how many, which one)

ADVERB

AN ADVERB:

• Modifies an active

verb or a verb phrase

by expressing manner,

place, time, degree, or

number.

TYPES OF ADVERBS:

• Simple

• Interrogative

• Negative

EXAMPLES:

• SIMPLE ADVERBS:

– She moved quietly. (Manner

and tell how)

– I waited there for an hour.

(Place and tell

where)

– You may leave soon. (Time,

tells when)

– I called you once. (Number,

tells how many)

– He sat very still. (Degree,

tells how much)

• INTERROGATIVE

ADVERBS:

• Introduces a sentence

that asks a question

• where, when, why and

how

EXAMPLES:

• Interrogative:

– When will you return?

– How is the trunk being

sent?

• NEGATIVE ADVERBS:

• Denies or contradicts a

statement

• no, not, never, only,

scarcely and hardly

Note: two negative adverbs should not be

used together.

EXAMPLES:

- I can scarcely believe my

eyes. (correct)

I haven’t no more sea shells. (incorrect)

FAMILIAR ADVERBS

TO KN0W:

Almost, finally, seldom, unusually, certainly, hardly, quite, so, usually, just, rather, very, rather, fairly, nearly, too, scarcely, well

ORDER OF

ADVERBS

Adverb of manner
Adverb of place
Adverb of frequency
Adverb of time
Adverb of purpose Arrange the adverbs
I have to run each morning quickly after breakfast in order to catch my bus to school down the street. Using Multiple Adverbs
I have to run quickly (manner) down the street (place) each morning (frequency) after breakfast (time) in order to catch my bus to school (purpose).

HOW THEY WERE

ARRANGED:

I have to run quickly (manner) down the street (place) each morning (frequency) after breakfast (time) in order to catch my bus to school (purpose).

DEFINITIONS:

Adverb of Manner: This adverb tells us how an action is done. It

DICTION - word choice/ choice of words - word choice is important in establishing tone. 3 LEVELS OF DICTION: 1. High-formal Diction 2. Neutral Diction 3. Informal or Low Diction FORMAL INFORMAL Serious Light Objective Humorous Impersonal Casual Reasoned Personal Controlled Offhanded

####### SITUATIONS:

FORMAL INFORMAL Job interviews Text Message Business Letter Love Letters Class Essay Locker Conversations Journal Style FORMAL LANGUAGE -Formal language, spoken or written is expected to be in standard ENGLISH.

Not so formal in speaking but in writing it’s a MUST. INFORMAL LANGUAGE
simple grammatical structure
personal evaluation  Using first POV  Using forms of “YOU”
Colloquial or slang vocabulary  Contractions

PREPOSITION

A word, which is used before a noun, a noun phrase, or a pronoun. KINDS:

SIMPLE PREPOSITION
consists only of one word
COMPOUND PREPOSITION
two or more prepositions

####### PREPOSTIONS OF:

PLACE – where it happens/ where something happens.
TIME – when something happens
DIRECTION- where something is going (DUH!)

HOW TO USE THE

PREP.

####### PLACE

At: Use "at" for specific points or addresses. It's like pinpointing a location.  Example: She lives at 123 Main Street (a specific address).
In: Use "in" when something is inside or enclosed within a place, like a room or a building.  Example: The book is in the library (inside the library).
On: Use "on" when something is resting or touching a surface, or for general, less specific locations.  Example: The cup is on the table (touching the table's surface).  Example: The school is on the corner of the street (a general location, not a specific point).

####### TIME

At: Use "at" for precise times or specific moments.  Example: The meeting is at 3:00 PM (a specific time).
In: Use "in" for months, years, and centuries, indicating a general period of time.  Example: We'll go on vacation in July (a specific month).  Example: The event happened in the 19th century (a general time period).
On: Use "on" for specific days and dates.  Example: We'll meet on Monday (a specific day of the week).  Example: Her birthday is on May 10th (a specific date). PREPOSITIONS W/ SPECIAL USES

IMPORTANT

THINGS TO TAKE

NOTE OF:

Order of

Adjectives

Determiners (a, an, the)
Observations (beautiful, interesting)
Size and Shape (large, round)
Age (young, old, new, ancient)
Color (red, violet)
Origin (Persian, Canadian, French)
Material (woolen, metallic, wooden)
Qualifier (rocking chair, hunting cabin) D-O-S-A-C-O-M-Q

ORDER OF

ADVERBS

Adverb of manner
Adverb of place
Adverb of frequency
Adverb of time
Adverb of purpose M - P – F – T – P

Multiple Choice

Multiple Choice

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ENG 111 Midterm Reviewer

Course: College English (ENG111)

31 Documents

Students shared 31 documents in this course

University: Our Lady of Fatima University

Multiple Choice

Multiple Choice

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ENG 111

CONJUCNTIONS

AND

INTERJECTIONS

What is a Conjunction?

• A conjunction is like glue.

It helps things to stick

together.

• A conjunction joins words,

phrases, and sentences, which

are called clauses.

There Are 3 Types of

Conjunctions

1. Coordinating

Conjunctions

2. Subordinating

Conjunctions

3. Correlative Conjunctions

What is a Conjunction?

• Conjunctions join two or

more words.

Example: I went to the store

to buy eggs, milk, and

bread.

• Conjunctions can join two

prepositional phrases.

Ex. I went skiing down the

hill and past the trees.

• Conjunctions can connect

two clauses or sentences.

• When two sentences are

joined, a comma MUST be

placed before the

conjunction.

Ex. I played cards for

awhile, but then I played

chess.

COORDINATING

CONJUNCTION

• They connect words,

phrases, and clauses, which

are sentences.

• They connect things of

equal value.

(This means that they would

connect a noun with

another noun or a

prepositional phrase with

another prepositional

phrase.)

• There are seven

coordinating conjunctions:

Use FANBOYS to

remember:

For

And

Nor

But

Yet