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College English (ENG111)
Our Lady of Fatima University
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COLLEGE ENGLISH (ELECTIVE)
BASIC SENTENCE PATTERNS
Basic Parts of the Sentence Subject - The subject of a sentence is that noun, pronoun, or phrase or clause about which the sentence makes a statement. Verb Phrase - The main verb or verb phrase of a sentence is a word or words that express an action, event, or a state of existence. It sets up a relationship between the subject and the rest of the sentence. Direct Object - A direct object - a noun, pronoun, phrase or clause acting as a noun —takes the action of the main verb. A direct object can be identified by putting what?, which?, or whom? In its place. Indirect Object - An indirect object — a noun, pronoun, phrase or clause acting as a noun—receives the action expressed in the sentence. It can be identified by inserting to or for. Linking Verb - A linking verb is any form of the verb to be without an action verb; it sets up something like an equal sign between the items it links. Linking verbs of sentence can be longer than one word: IS ARE WAS WERE HAS HAVE AM HAD BEEN WOULD HAVE BEEN WAS BEING MIGHT HAVE BEEN
HAD TO HAVE BEEN
WILL HAVE BEEN
- She wrote.
- She completed her literature review.
- He organized his sources by theme.
- They studied APA rules.
- He doesn’t teach math.
- Every child likes an ice cream.
- She swims every morning.
- Cats hate water
- I don’t wash. DOES NOT = DOESN’T DO NOT = DON’T DID NOT = DIDN’T BASIC SENTENCE PATTERN S-IV S-TV-DO S-LV-SC S-TV-DO-OC S-TV-IO-DO (S-IV) Subject-Intransitive Verb ● Peter sneezed ● Evil exists ● Fame ends. (S-IV-DO) Subject-Intransitive Verb - Direct Object ● The Chinese people have interesting traditions. ● She slapped me.
● Student shout respect their parents. (S-LV-SC) Subject-Linking Verb-Subject Complement ● Albus Dumbledore is the headmaster. ● Pandas and polar bears are endangered species. ● That girl should be a singer. (S-TV-IO-DO) Subject-Transitive Verb-Indirect Object-Direct Object ● I gave the conductor a ticket. ● Faith gave Josh a new ticket. ● Neil taught us a new recipe. (S-TV-DO-OC) Subject-Transitive Verb-Direct Object- Object of the complement ● He called the girl beautiful. ● Dean defeated Sam fairly. ● The class elected Josephine as president. ● The class studied. ● Sarah took the test. ● I am. ● William Shakespeare was a popular playwright. ● We wish you a happy new year! ● It was a dark, stormy night. ● We found the movie scary. SUBJECT VERB AGREEMENT ❖ Singular subject takes singular verb. ❖ Plural subject takes plural verb. ● Jan, John, and Bob walk to the store. ● Bob and his brothers walk to the store. ● Jen and her sister read, reads the books ● They write writes the lesson. ❖ ES/S - SINGULAR ❖ WITHOUT ES/S - PLURAL If plural subjects are joined by “or”, “nor”, or “but,” the verb must only agree with the subject that is closest to it. ● Either Bob or his brother walks to the store. ● Neither Bob nor his brothers walk to the store. ● Not Bob but his brothers walk to the store ● Not Bob and his brother walks to the store. ❖ VERB - ES OR S = SINGULAR VERB ❖ WITHOUT S OR ES = PLURAL VERB If a subject is modified by the words “each” or “every” that subject is singular and will take a verb form that ends in “s” a. ● Each boy and a girl walks to the store. ● Each boy and girl has to take the test. ● Every frog and toad turns into a prince. HAS, HAVE, IS, ARE, WAS, WERE
● Thirteen feet of kite string tangles very easily ● Twenty kilometers of athlete runs in the oval. When using who, that or which, you must look to the noun these relative pronouns are referring to in order to determine whether the subject is singular and will have a verb ending in “ s” or is plural and have a verb without an “s”. ● The girls who eat cake are happy ● The girl who eats cake is happy. If two subjects are separated by “and” refer to the same thing, the verb is singular ● Spaghetti and meatballs is my favorite pasta dish ● The puppy and the dog is mammals. ● The kitten and the cats is, are domesticated animals. Gerunds (“ing” words) can be subjects and follow all the same rules above. ● Running is my favorite sport. ● Running to the store and flying through the air are my favorite sports. ● Dancing is not something everyone can do as well as I can. Both, few, many, others, and several take a plural verb. ● Several need to finish the race. ● A few have the right answer. Two infinitives separated by and take a plural verb. ● To run and to read my two favorite “free-time” activities. ● To run-to+base form ● TO sleep ● TO eat Titles of books, movies, novels, etc. are treated as singular.
- Holes was one of my favorite books. I want to see the movie. When the subject is all, any, more, most, none, or some, this is the ONLY time you must look at the object of the prepositional phrase to determine whether it is singular or plural.
- All of the chickens have laid eggs.
- Some of the milk has spilled. Final Rule - Remember, only SUBJECT aects the VERB!
ENG - Notes
Course: College English (ENG111)
University: Our Lady of Fatima University
