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Engl111-review
College English (ENG111)
Our Lady of Fatima University
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BASIC SENTENCE PATTERN
SENTENCE
● A sentence is a group of words that has a complete thought. ● It is composed of a subject and a predicate. SUBJECT The subject is what(or whom) the sentence is about. It may be a noun or a pronoun. *The little girl is very happy PREDICATE The predicate tells something about the subject, *The little girl is very happy. LINKING VERB It expresses a state of being. Not an action, and is followed by a predicate noun or pronoun which tells what the sentence is or renames the subject in different terms, or by a complement adjective, which describes or modifies the sentence subject. ‘ *The little girl is very happy. TRANSITIVE VERB It expresses an action that has a direct object or receiver of the action. *Jessa got high grades in English. INTRANSITIVE VERB It expresses an action but does not have a direct object that receives the action. The subject of the sentence performs an action but not to, for, or against anything or anybody. *Joy cries so easily.
DIRECT OBJECT
In a sentence, the direct object is the noun or noun phrase receives the action of the verb. The basic construction works like this: Subject + Verb + Who or What. Example: Her secret admirer gave her a bouquet of flowers. INDIRECT OBJECT It is a noun, pronoun, or noun phrase that occurs in addition to a direct object after some verbs and indicates the person or thing that receives what is being given or done. The basic construction works like this: Subject + Verb + Direct Object + to whom, to what, for whom, or for what. Example: Her secret admirer gave her a bouquet of flowers. SUBJECT COMPLEMENT A subject complement either renames or describes the subject and is usually a noun, pronoun, or adjective. Subject complements occur when there is a linking verb within the sentence (often a linking verb is a form of the verb to be). Example: Mr. Jack is kind. OBJECT COMPLEMENT An object complement is a word (usually a noun or an adjective) that renames the direct object or states what it has become. Example: Mark drives a fast car.
Basic Sentence Pattern ● SUBJECT + LINKING VERB + COMPLEMENT (S-LV-C) Example: Lee Do Wook is handsome. The woman seems friendly. ● SUBJECT + INTRANSITIVE VERB (S-IV) Example: Anna dances gracefully. The students listened attentively. ● SUBJECT + TRANSITIVE VERB + DIRECT OBJECT (S-TV-DO) Example: Lea helped the children. I love pasta and pizza. ● SUBJECT + TRANSITIVE VERB + DIRECT OBJECT + OBJECT COMPLEMENT (S-TV-DO-OC) Example: Jack called jill beautiful. The class elected Adrian secretary. ● SUBJECT + TRANSITIVE VERB + INDIRECT OBJECT + DIRECT OBJECT (S-TV-IO-DO) Example: Ms. Ruffa gave her students another homework. He teaches them experiments. SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT 1 verb must agree with its subject in person and in number. ● She reads novel. ● The girls read novels. 2. Singular subjects connected by and or both - and usually require a plural verb. When the parts or the compound subject connected by and are each preceded by a noun determiner (the, an, a, some, etc.) the subject is plural. ● My English instructor and my adviser are absent. 3. A Compound subject referring to a single person takes a singular verb. ● My English instructor and adviser is absent. 4. If two subjects are joined by or,nor, either,.. or , neither... nor, not only.. also the verb agrees with the subject nearer it. ● Neither the President nor the other officers have come. 5. The pronouns neither and either are singular and require singular verbs even though they seem to be referring, in sense, to two things. ● Neither of the two traffic lights is working. 6. When regarded as a unit, collective nouns are singular. ● Our class sings very well. 7. When regarded as individuals a collective noun is plural. ● Our class do not agree on the songs for the program. 8. When preceded by the article a, the subject number is plural. ● A number of his abstract paintings have been exhibited. 9. When preceded by the article the, the subject number is singular. ● The number of enrollees has increased tremendously. 10. The verb agrees with the affirmative, not with the negative subject. ● Melvie, not her sisters, has inherited the company.
Imperative Mood is used in commands. It express a command or a request, Example: Drive the car! - Please drive the car. Subjunctive Mood Present Subjunctive - It is used to express a suggestion, a necessity, or an indirect command/order. Example: - I suggest that Dawn drive the car. - I propose that Dawn be asked to drive the car. Past Subjunctive - It is used to express an untrue condition or possibility, or a wish or a desire. Example: - I wish to see you again. - I want you to drive the car. VERB TENSES - Is a combination of time and aspect of an action. - Time refers to past and present - some include the future. - Aspect refers to simple, progressive and perfect. Simple Tenses Simple Present Tense - indicates that an action is taking place at the time you express it. An action that occurs regularly. - The students listen attentively. - I watch documentaries each Sunday night. Simple Past Tense - indicates that an action is completed and has already taken place. - Ms. Lea gave the examination last week. - As a girl, she wondered how her college degree would help her career. Simple Future Tense - indicates that an action will or is likely to take place. - Later today, I will clean my room. - The defendant probably will plead innocent. Perfect Tenses Perfect Tense - designate actions that will be completed before the other action. (have+past participle) - They have spoken. Present Perfect Tense - refers to an action that either occurred at an indefinite time in the past or began in the past and continued in the present time. (have/has+past participle) - I have written an excuse letter. - She has donated extensively to UNICEF. Past Perfect Tense - indicates an action occurring before a certain time in the past. (had+past participle). - Jisoo and Lisa had eaten lunch when Jennie and Rose came. Future Perfect Tense - indicates that an action will be finished by a certain time. This tense is formed by will + have + the past participle. - By Thursday, the President will have apologized for his mistake.
Verb Tenses: Progressive Tenses Progressive Tenses
- express continuing action can form them with the appropriate tense of the verb be plus the present participle. Present Progressive Tense - indicates that something is happening at the time you express it.
- Cha Eun-Woo is listening to his favorite song.
- The students are listening to the seminar. I am listening to my teacher. Past Progressive Tense - Indicates two kinds of past action.
- Poe’s writing was becoming increasingly bizarre and darl. (a continuing action in the past)
- The class officers were discussing the matter when their adviser came. (an action occurring at the same time in the past as another action). Future Progressive Tense - indicates a continuing action in the future.
- She will be attending a wedding next week. Verb Tenses: Perfect Progressive
- Also called the (perfect continuous tense) is used to say that an event of action is, was, or will be continually occurring (progressive) but that it is. Was. or will be completed at a later time, or that it relates to a later time (perfect).
- Use the appropriate tense of the verb have with been and the progressive (-ing) tense of the main verb. Present Perfect Progressive Tense - indicates action continuing from the past into the present and possibly into the future. This tense is formed by has/have + been + the present participle.
- The teacher has been grading since yesterday afternoon. Past Perfect Progressive Tense - indicates that a past action went on until another occurred. This tense is formed by had + been + the present participle.
- Mary had been living there for a year when she decided to move to Korea. Future Perfect Progressive Tense - indicates that an action will continue until a certain future time. This tense is formed by will + have + been + the present participle.
- On Tuesday I will been working on this paper for six weeks. TYPES OF LISTENING Appreciative Listening - listening for pleasure and enjoyment, as when we listen to music, to a comedy routine, or to an entertaining speech.
- Describes how well speakers choose and use words, use humor, ask questions.
Emphatic Listening - listening to
provide emotional support for the
speaker, as when a psychiatrist listens
to a patient or when we lend a
sympathetic ear to a friend.
Engl111-review
Course: College English (ENG111)
University: Our Lady of Fatima University
