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Draft- Polgov - Politics

Politics
Course

Politics, Governance, and Citizenship (GEED 20023)

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Academic year: 2021/2022
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Module 1: Exercise 1

  1. What does politics have to do with conflict and cooperation?
  2. Discuss briefly and distinguish from each other the basic concepts of politics.
  3. How do political philosophy and political science as approaches in studying politics differ?
  4. Discuss briefly the importance of Governance

Answer:

  1. The politics is about the cooperation and conflict. Which conflict is produced by the differences of individuals. As they have different perspective on things and as they disagree to the element of life. However, the cooperation is being motivated by men’s as their common objective to live a good life. as the men may dispute and fight, this was an evident that they would want to live in peace. The politics is a way of processing on how to resolve disagreements of humans in order for them to achieve and preserve the order. It is the resolution to every conflicts.
  2. The expression “political concepts” refers to a set of concepts essential to any serious reflection on political life. This set includes order, power and justice.

Order reflects to the various components of the human societies and it is essential to the study of politics. It also has various forms of societal institutions it is the Community, Government, and State. - Community – It is a group of person with common identity in one type of social order. The primary reason for its existence is to protect individuals. The economic success, cultural enrichment, and other societal purposes are all derivatives of the same thing. - Government – Is the higher level of the social order it existed essentially to ensure the community’s survival. If it can successfully assert its claim to rule, it is considered to have "sovereignty." It is also said to be "legitimate" if its claim to power (rule) is willingly acknowledged. - State – It is the world's largest social system, from which the term politics is derived. It refers to a group of people who are more or less numerous, permanently occupying a certain area of land, have their own administration to which the majority of the population submits, and are free from external authority.

Power the exercise of power and the resulting establishment of structures are responsible for their origin and perpetuation. The general rule is that the more abundant the power source, the larger the government's possibilities. In a more limited definition, power denotes "control over" rather than "capacity to" do something.

Justice the proper application of power results in justice. There is justice if, in the use of its power and authority, the government provides what the people require, protects and respects their rights, and prioritizes the common good over the leaders' personal interests. It is important to note that law, whether written or unwritten, is the embodiment of order and power in modern times. As a result, law is defined as the approximation of justice. Justice is the foundation of the law.

  1. The concept approach of studying politics differs results to two (2) basic approach it is the Political Philosophy and Political Science.

Political Philosophy is the traditional method in which the primary purpose is to acquire the essence or truth of politics It is normative or prescriptive, analytical, speculative, and ethical in nature. It's speculative because it involves abstract, theoretical, and non- scientific interpretations of a wide range of political topics. And it's essentially ethical because the approach assumes that ethics is the bedrock of politics; the individual's ethical formation is a prerequisite for society's political construction.

While the Political Science is the empirical method, which focuses on a dispassionate and objective account of the realities of politics rather than on abstract and normative problems. It is objective because it closely follows natural science procedures, taking into account only observable facts that can be quantified using the scientific method. It avoids ethics by excluding values from its study; only directly observable facts are examined.

  1. People, particularly citizens, will be aware of the need of effective governance and such an awareness should lead them to take action. As they must know how to advocate for their rights and what to hope from the Philippine administration in order to maintain their empowerment and growth. It follows to an explanation of the fundamental principles of governance, the ideal style of governance, and the Philippines' standing in relation to the indicators of good governance. A good governance will lead their country for what its best for their citizens.

While Liberalism is clear from its policies that they encourage inclusivity and human empowerment. In addition to promoting and supporting these social services, it also strongly condemns extrajudicial executions, any attempt to undermine the rule of law, and any restrictions placed on the enjoyment of human rights.

Module 3: Exercise 3

  1. In your own words, define and elaborate the meaning of state.
  2. Enumerate and discuss the elements of state.
  3. What type of government we have in the Philippines? Explain
  4. Select at least 3 types of Government and give at least 5 advantages and disadvantages of each.

Answer:

  1. State
  2. There is different concept the elements of a state which results to four (4) essential element. The People, Territory, Government, and Sovereignty

The people who live in the state are referred to here as people because people are a human institution. Population is hence its primary component. There is no unbreakable rule when it comes to population. Without people, there cannot be functionaries to govern and subjects to govern. Another crucial element of the state is territory, which is a designated, essentially permanent area. The shared tenancy of a public space today binds citizens together. Land, sea, and air make up a state's territory. The same is true for people; there is no limit on territory. All states are equal in status and rights under international law, regardless of their size or population distribution. The term "government" refers to the state's political framework. It is the visible and palpable instrument of state power. According to Garner, the government is the body through which "common policies are developed and by which shared problems are controlled" and through which the state wills and takes action. A capable government must be able to enforce conformity and maintain law and order. Without a government, the state would inevitably fall apart and there would be anarchy and lawlessness. The characteristic that distinguishes the state from all other relationships is sovereignty. It refers to the supreme authority or power, to whom there is no appeal. There are both internal and external elements to sovereignty. Within its established territory, the state has complete power over all individuals and organizations. It has the authority to impose its laws and orders on the people living there. Any outside control or foreign authority has no impact on the state.

There is different concept of the origin of a state which results to four (4) concerning theories. The Divine right theory, Necessity or force theory, Paternalistic theory, and Social contract theory.

The oldest theory of how the state came to be is divine right. The doctrine of Kings' Divine Right is another name for it. According to this point of view's proponents, no human effort was required to establish the state. It was produced by God. The King who rules the state is a representative of God on earth.

According to the necessity or force theory, which maintains that power always has the upper hand, the establishment of a state was a result of invasion and force. The powerful impose their will on the weak. It is believed that the role of government is to protect and advance the interests of the dominant groups in society by enacting laws that support those interests.

According to the paternalistic view, when a government or state interferes with a person's affairs without that person's knowledge or consent, it justifies or justifies the interference on the grounds that the person would benefit or be kept safe.

According to the social contract idea, every person has a duty to follow the terms of the agreement that they made when they voluntarily decided to unify under a government at some point.

  1. The executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government make up the Philippines' presidential system, which is a democratic republic. The Executive branch is comprised of the President and Vice President, who are directly elected by the people and occupy office for a term of six years. The Constitution grants the President the authority to select his cabinet. The legislative branch has the capacity to enact, amend, and repeal laws thanks to the powers granted to the Philippine Congress. Disputes involving legally demandable and enforceable rights may be arbitrated by the judicial branch. This branch decides whether there has or has not been a substantial abuse of discretion amounting to a lack or excess of jurisdiction on the part and instrument of the government.

  2. Democracy Advantages

    1. It encourages centrism more than extremism.
    2. A democracy transitions power smoothly while establishing legitimacy.
    3. People identify with their government to create a stronger level of patriotism.
    4. Democracy does not create a centralized power base for ruling over the people.
    5. Countries that use democracy are less likely to enter into armed conflicts. Disadvantages
    6. The structure of a democracy is a person-first process.
    7. There is still the risk of creating a conflict of interest within the government.
    8. Democratic governments follow the “a chicken in every pot” system.

3. There is different indicators to governance which results to eight (4) essential indicators to the governance. The (1) Participatory; (2) Rule of Law; (3) Effective and Efficient; (4) Transparent; (5) Responsive; (6) Equitable and Inclusive; (7) Consensus Oriented ; and (8) Accountability.

  1. Participation One of the essential elements of effective government is citizen participation in the process. Participation is a crucial first step in encouraging others to take part in the decision-making process. Direct or indirect participation is acceptable as long as it is planned and informed. A greater level of societal participation would achieve the goals and objectives of political rights. The legal system stands for the rule of law, which guarantees impartiality when it comes to participation in the government process.

  2. Rule of law Rule of law is a crucial component of good governance. To establish the rule of law in a society, there must be an equitable legal system. The impartiality that the rule of law maintains helps to defend human rights, particularly for those who are most marginalized in society. The essential component to guarantee the rule of law is an independent justice system, one that is unbiased, and an uncorruptible police force.

  3. Transparency Transparency in government is necessary for providing citizens with services fairly. It ensures a balance between the formulation of policy and its subsequent proper rules and regulations-based enforcement. It enables the citizen to easily get information from the government on various policies and how they are being implemented. For this information to be understood easily, the right media should be established.

  4. Responsiveness A fundamental requirement of administration that can inspire interactions between administration and individuals is responsiveness. It calls for offering the public enough services in a timely manner.

  5. Consensus Oriented For there to be good governance, there must be social consensus. It might be able to satisfy both individual and group interests. The long-term perspective of human growth was made possible by it. Additionally, it has its roots in the social culture and institutional norms of the specific society.

  6. Equity and Inclusiveness To ensure excellent governance, a just and equal society must be formed. The happiness of a society depends on how its members view it. It is necessary for all of its members to feel invested in the organization and included in its governance.

  7. Efficiency and Effectiveness: Effectiveness and efficiency guarantee that institutions' outcomes will satisfy societal demands. The foundation of good governance is the effective use of social resources to generate sustainable development. Additionally, it guarantees the environmentally friendly usage of natural resources.

  8. Accountability One of the most crucial aspects of effective government is accountability. The level of accountability that the government, business sector, and civil society organizations have to their constituents and institutional stakeholders is a key component of good governance. Accountability cannot be established without openness and the rule of law.

4. ----

Module 4 topic 1 exercise 5

  1. There is different type of democracy theory which result to five (5) theories. The Liberal democracy, Popular democracy, Representative (or indirect) democracy, Direct (or participatory) democracy, and Social democracy  Liberal democracy is a form of government that is supported by both democratic institutions (such as elections, representative legislatures, and checks and balances) and democratic protections (e. the personal freedoms guaranteed by the U. Bill of Rights). Liberal democracies, which emphasize private property rights, are most frequently found in capitalist economies. The strategy prioritizes individual rights above collective will.  25
  • Popular democracy focuses on the self-rule of a free and equal populace, sees the government as a manifestation of the "people's will," and so aims to maximize public involvement. As it is aware that election results do not always represent the desire of the people, it does this both electorally and in other ways.
  • • Representative (or indirect) democracy is a system of government in which the people elect representatives to pass laws. In contrast to direct democracy, power is delegated by the majority to a minority that has been chosen to represent their interests. The minority is required to
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Draft- Polgov - Politics

Course: Politics, Governance, and Citizenship (GEED 20023)

93 Documents
Students shared 93 documents in this course

University: Polytechnic University of the Philippines

Was this document helpful?
Module 1: Exercise 1
1. What does politics have to do with conflict and cooperation?
2. Discuss briefly and distinguish from each other the basic concepts of politics.
3. How do political philosophy and political science as approaches in studying politics
differ?
4. Discuss briefly the importance of Governance
Answer:
1. The politics is about the cooperation and conflict. Which conflict is produced by the
differences of individuals. As they have different perspective on things and as they
disagree to the element of life. However, the cooperation is being motivated by men’s as
their common objective to live a good life. as the men may dispute and fight, this was an
evident that they would want to live in peace. The politics is a way of processing on how
to resolve disagreements of humans in order for them to achieve and preserve the order. It
is the resolution to every conflicts.
2. The expression “political concepts” refers to a set of concepts essential to any serious
reflection on political life. This set includes order, power and justice.
Order reflects to the various components of the human societies and it is essential to the
study of politics. It also has various forms of societal institutions it is the Community,
Government, and State.
- Community – It is a group of person with common identity in one type of social
order. The primary reason for its existence is to protect individuals. The economic
success, cultural enrichment, and other societal purposes are all derivatives of the
same thing.
- Government – Is the higher level of the social order it existed essentially to ensure
the community’s survival. If it can successfully assert its claim to rule, it is
considered to have "sovereignty." It is also said to be "legitimate" if its claim to
power (rule) is willingly acknowledged.
- State – It is the world's largest social system, from which the term politics is derived.
It refers to a group of people who are more or less numerous, permanently occupying
a certain area of land, have their own administration to which the majority of the
population submits, and are free from external authority.
Power the exercise of power and the resulting establishment of structures are responsible
for their origin and perpetuation. The general rule is that the more abundant the power
source, the larger the government's possibilities. In a more limited definition, power
denotes "control over" rather than "capacity to" do something.
Justice the proper application of power results in justice. There is justice if, in the use of
its power and authority, the government provides what the people require, protects and
respects their rights, and prioritizes the common good over the leaders' personal
interests. It is important to note that law, whether written or unwritten, is the embodiment
of order and power in modern times. As a result, law is defined as the approximation of
justice. Justice is the foundation of the law.

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