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Ch 8 9outline - Anatomy Chapter 8 and 9 outline

Anatomy Chapter 8 and 9 outline

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BS Nursing (BSN)

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Pontifical and Royal University of Santo Tomas, The Catholic University of the Philippines

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Chapter 8 The Appendicular Skeleton

An Introduction to the Appendicular Skeleton

• Learning Outcomes

• 8-1 Identify the bones that form the pectoral girdle, their functions, and their superficial features.

• 8-2 Identify the bones of the upper limbs, their functions, and their superficial features.

• 8-3 Identify the bones that form the pelvic girdle, their functions, and their superficial features.

• 8-4 Identify the bones of the lower limbs, their functions, and their superficial features.

• 8-5 Summarize sex differences and age-related changes in the human skeleton.

• The Appendicular Skeleton

• 126 bones

• Allows us to move and __________ objects

• Includes all bones besides axial skeleton

The limbs
The _______- girdles

• The Pectoral Girdle

• Also called shoulder girdle

• Connects the arms to the body

• Positions the shoulders

• Provides a _______ for arm movement

• Consists of:

• Two clavicles

• Two scapulae

• Connects with the axial skeleton only at the manubrium

• The Clavicles

• Also called ________________

• Long, S-shaped bones

• Originate at the manubrium (sternal end)

• Articulate with the scapulae (acromial end)

• The Scapulae

• Also called shoulder blades

• Broad, flat ___________

• Articulate with arm and collarbone

• Structures of the scapula

• Body has three sides

1. Superior border

2. ___________ border (vertebral border)

3. Lateral border (axillary border)

• Body has three corners

Superior angle
Inferior angle
Lateral angle (__________)

• The scapular head

Holds glenoid ____________
Which articulates with humerus
To form shoulder joint (glenohumeral joint)

• Processes of the glenoid cavity

• Coracoid process

• Anterior, smaller

• Acromion

• Posterior, larger

• Articulates with clavicle

8-2 The Upper Limbs

• The Upper Limbs

• Consist of:

The arms, forearms, wrists, and _________

• Note: arm (brachium) = 1 bone, the humerus

• The Humerus

• Also called the arm

• The long, upper arm bone

• Articulates with the pelvic girdle

• Tubercles of the proximal epiphysis

Separated by the intertubercular _________-
Greater tubercle
Lateral
Forms tip of shoulder
Lesser tubercle
Anterior, medial

• Head

Rounded, articulating surface
Contained within joint capsule

• Anatomical neck

Margin of joint capsule

• The Radius

Lateral bone of forearm
Disk-shaped radial head above the neck
Radial tuberosity below the neck, attaches biceps
Articulations of the radius
Ulnar notch
Distal end
Articulates with wrist and radius
Styloid process
Stabilizes wrist joint

• Eight Carpal Bones

• _____ proximal carpal bones

• _____ distal carpal bones

• Allow wrist to bend and _________

• Proximal Carpal Bones

1. Scaphoid

Near styloid process

2. Lunate

Medial to scaphoid

3. Triquetrum

Medial to lunate

4. Pisiform

Anterior to triquetrum

• Distal Carpal Bones

1. Trapezium

Lateral

2. Trapezoid

Medial to trapezium

3. Capitate

Largest

4. Hamate

Medial, distal

• Metacarpal Bones

The five long bones of the hand
Numbered I–V from lateral (thumb) to medial
Articulate with proximal phalanges

• Phalanges of the Hands

14 total finger bones
__________ (thumb)
Two phalanges (proximal, distal)
Fingers
Three phalanges (proximal, middle, distal)

8-3 The Pelvic Girdle

• The Pelvic Girdle

• Made up of two ________ bones (coxal bones)

• Strong to bear body weight, stress of movement

• Part of the pelvis

• Coxal bones

Made up of three fused bones
1. Ilium (articulates with sacrum)
3. Pubis

• Coxal Bones

• The acetabulum

Also called the hip socket
Is the meeting point of the ilium, ischium, and pubis
Is on the lateral surface of the hip bone (coxal bone)
Articulates with head of the femur (lunate surface)

• Acetabular notch

A gap in the ridge of the margins of the acetabulum

• Marks of the Ilium

• ____________

• Iliac crest

Upper brim

• Iliac fossa

• Marks of the Ischium

• Ischial spine

Above lesser sciatic notch

• Ischial tuberosity

Posterior projection you sit on

• Ischial ramus

Meets inferior ramus of pubis

• Superior ramus

Ilia project laterally, not upwards

8-4 The Lower Limbs

• What are the functions of the Lower Limbs

• ___________

8-4 The Lower Limbs

• Bones of the Lower Limbs

• Femur (thigh)

• Patella (kneecap)

• Tibia and fibula (leg)

• Tarsals (ankle)

• Metatarsals (foot)

• Phalanges (toes)

• The Femur

• The proximal epiphysis

Femoral head
The neck
Narrow area between head and trochanters
Joins shaft at angle
Trochanters
Greater trochanter and lesser trochanter
Tendon attachments

• The distal epiphysis

• Medial epicondyle and lateral epicondyle

• Above the knee joint

• Medial condyle and lateral condyle

• Separated by intercondylar fossa and patellar surface

• Form part of knee joint

• The Patella

• Also called the knee_________

• A __________bone

• The Tibia

• Also called the ______________

• Supports body weight

• Larger than fibula

• Medial to fibula

• The proximal epiphysis

Medial and lateral tibial condyles
Separated by intercondylar eminence
Articulate with medial and lateral condyles of femur
Tibial tuberosity
Attaches patellar ligament

• The FibuLA (LAteral)

• Attaches muscles of feet and toes

• Smaller than tibia

• Lateral to tibia

• Articulations with tibia

Fibula/tibia articulations
Head
Inferior tibiofibular joint
Lateral malleolus
Lateral projection of ankle

• The Ankle

• Also called the tarsus

• Consists of seven tarsal bones

Bones of the ankle
Talus
Carries weight from tibia across trochlea
_____________- (heel bone)
Transfers weight from talus to ground
Cuboid
Articulates with calcaneus

• Bones of the ankle

Navicular
Articulates with talus and three cuneiform bones
Medial cuneiform
Intermediate cuneiform
Lateral cuneiform

• Metatarsal Bones of the Foot

• Five long bones of foot

• Numbered I–V, medial to lateral

• Articulate with toes

• Phalanges of the Foot

Articulations

An Introduction to Articulations

• Learning Outcomes

• 9-1 Contrast the major categories of joints, and explain the relationship between structure and function for

each category.

• 9-2 Describe the basic structure of a synovial joint, and describe common synovial joint accessory structures and

their functions.

• 9-3 Describe how the anatomical and functional properties of synovial joints permit movements of the skeleton.

• 9-4 Describe the articulations between the vertebrae of the vertebral column.

• 9-5 Describe the structure and function of the shoulder joint and the elbow joint.

• 9-6 Describe the structure and function of the hip joint and the knee joint.

• 9-7 Describe the effects of aging on articulations, and discuss the most common age-related clinical problems

for articulations.

• 9-8 Explain the functional relationships between the skeletal system and other body systems.

An Introduction to Articulations

• Articulations

• Body movement occurs at _____________, where two bones connect

• Joint Structure

• Determines direction and of movement (___= ROM)

• Joint strength __________ as mobility increases

• Two Methods of Classification

1. Functional classification is based on range of motion of the joint

2. Structural classification relies on the anatomical organization of the joint

• Functional Classifications—Be able to give examples!

• Synarthrosis (immovable joint)

• Amphiarthrosis (slightly movable joint)

• Diarthrosis (freely movable joint)

• Structural Classifications

• Bony

• Fibrous

• ____________

• Synovial

Classification of Joints

• Synarthroses (_______________Joints)

• Are very ___________

• Edges of bones may touch or interlock

• Four types of synarthrotic joints (Be able to give examples!)

Suture
Synchondrosis

• Suture

• Bones interlocked

• Are bound by dense fibrous connective tissue

• Are found only in skull

• Gomphosis

• Fibrous connection (periodontal ligament)

• Binds teeth to sockets

• Synchondrosis

• Is a rigid cartilaginous bridge between two bones

Epiphyseal cartilage of long bones
Between vertebrosternal ribs and sternum

• Synostosis

• Fused bones, immovable

Metopic suture of skull
Epiphyseal lines of long bones

• Amphiarthroses

• More ___________ than synarthrosis

• Stronger than freely movable joint

• Two types of amphiarthroses

Syndesmosis
- Bones connected by ligaments
Symphysis
- Bones separated by fibrocartilage

• Synovial Joints (Diarthroses)

• Also called ____________ joints

• At ends of long bones

• Within articular capsules

• Lined with synovial membrane

9-2 Synovial Joints

• Articular Cartilages (what is the function?)

• Pad articulating surfaces within articular capsules

Prevent bones from ___________

• Injuries

• Dislocation (luxation)

Articulating surfaces forced out of position
Damages articular cartilage, ligaments, joint capsule

• Subluxation

A partial dislocation

9-3 Movements

• Three Types of Dynamic Motion

1. Linear movement (gliding)

2. ___________

3. Rotation

• Planes (Axes) of Dynamic Motion

• Monaxial (1 axis)

• Biaxial (2 axes)

• Triaxial (3 axes)

• Types of Movement at Synovial Joints

• Terms describe:

Plane or direction of motion
Relationship between _________________-

• Types of Movement at Synovial Joints

• Gliding Movement

Two surfaces slide past each other
Between carpal or tarsal bones

• Angular Movement

• Flexion

Angular motion
Anterior–posterior plane
Reduces angle between elements

• Extension

Angular motion
Anterior–posterior plane
Increases angle between elements

• Hyperextension

Angular motion
Extension past anatomical position

• Abduction

Angular motion
Frontal plane
Moves away from longitudinal axis

• Adduction

Angular motion
Frontal plane
Moves toward longitudinal axis

• Circumduction

• Circular motion without rotation

• Angular motion

• Rotation

Direction of rotation from anatomical position
Relative to longitudinal axis of body
Left or right rotation
Medial rotation (inward rotation)
Rotates toward axis
Lateral rotation (outward rotation)
Rotates away from axis
Pronation
Rotates forearm, radius over ulna
Supination
Forearm in anatomical position

• Special Movements

• Inversion

Twists sole of foot medially

• Eversion

Twists sole of foot laterally

• Dorsiflexion

Flexion at ankle (lifting toes)

• Plantar flexion

Extension at ankle (pointing toes)
Opposition
Thumb movement toward fingers or palm (grasping)
Reposition
Opposite of opposition
Protraction
Moves anteriorly
In the horizontal plane (pushing forward)
Retraction
Opposite of protraction
Moving anteriorly (pulling back)

• Elevation

Moves in superior direction (up)

• Depression

Moves in inferior direction (down)

• Medial and lateral menisci

• Fibrocartilage pads

• At femur–tibia articulations

• Cushion and stabilize joint

• Give lateral support

• Seven Major Supporting Ligaments

1. Patellar ligament (anterior)

& 3. Two popliteal ligaments (posterior)
& 5. Anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments (inside joint capsule)

6. Tibial collateral ligament (medial)

7. Fibular collateral ligament (lateral)

9-7 Effects of Aging on Articulations

• Degenerative Changes

• Rheumatism

A pain and stiffness of skeletal and muscular systems

• Arthritis

All forms of rheumatism that damage articular cartilages of synovial joints

• Osteoarthritis

Caused by wear and tear of joint surfaces, or genetic factors affecting collagen formation
Generally in people over age 60

• Rheumatoid Arthritis

• An inflammatory condition

• Caused by infection, allergy, or autoimmune disease

• Involves the immune system

• Gouty Arthritis

• Occurs when crystals (uric acid or calcium salts)

Form within synovial fluid
Due to metabolic disorders

• Joint Immobilization

• Reduces flow of synovial fluid

• Can cause arthritis symptoms

• Bones and Aging

• Bone mass decreases

• Bones weaken

• Increases risk of hip fracture, hip dislocation, or pelvic fracture

9-8 Integration with Other Systems

• Bone Recycling

• Living bones maintain equilibrium between:

• Bone building (osteo_____)

• And breakdown (osteo_____)

• List the 5 Factors Affecting Bone Strength

• Bones Support Body Systems

• Support and protect other systems

• Store fat, ____and

• Manufacture cells for _________

• Disorders in other body systems can cause:

• Osteoporosis

• Arthritis

• Rickets (vitamin D deficiency)

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Ch 8 9outline - Anatomy Chapter 8 and 9 outline

Course: BS Nursing (BSN)

462 Documents

Students shared 462 documents in this course

University: Pontifical and Royal University of Santo Tomas, The Catholic University of the Philippines

Was this document helpful?

Chapter 8

The Appendicular Skeleton

An Introduction to the Appendicular Skeleton

•Learning Outcomes

•8-1 Identify the bones that form the pectoral girdle, their functions, and their superficial features.

•8-2 Identify the bones of the upper limbs, their functions, and their superficial features.

•8-3 Identify the bones that form the pelvic girdle, their functions, and their superficial features.

•8-4 Identify the bones of the lower limbs, their functions, and their superficial features.

•8-5 Summarize sex differences and age-related changes in the human skeleton.

•The Appendicular Skeleton

•126 bones

•Allows us to move and __________ objects

•Includes all bones besides axial skeleton

•The limbs

•The _______- girdles

•The Pectoral Girdle

•Also called shoulder girdle

•Connects the arms to the body

•Positions the shoulders

•Provides a _______ for arm movement

•Consists of:

•Two clavicles

•Two scapulae

•Connects with the axial skeleton only at the manubrium

•The Clavicles

•Also called ________________

•Long, S-shaped bones

•Originate at the manubrium (sternal end)

•Articulate with the scapulae (acromial end)

•The Scapulae

•Also called shoulder blades

•Broad, flat ___________

•Articulate with arm and collarbone

•Structures of the scapula

•Body has three sides

Ch 8 9outline - Anatomy Chapter 8 and 9 outline

BS Nursing (BSN)

Pontifical and Royal University of Santo Tomas, The Catholic University of the Philippines

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• Learning Outcomes

• 8-1 Identify the bones that form the pectoral girdle, their functions, and their superficial features.

• 8-2 Identify the bones of the upper limbs, their functions, and their superficial features.

• 8-3 Identify the bones that form the pelvic girdle, their functions, and their superficial features.

• 8-4 Identify the bones of the lower limbs, their functions, and their superficial features.

• 8-5 Summarize sex differences and age-related changes in the human skeleton.

• The Appendicular Skeleton

• 126 bones

• Allows us to move and __________ objects

• Includes all bones besides axial skeleton

• The Pectoral Girdle

• Also called shoulder girdle

• Connects the arms to the body

• Positions the shoulders

• Provides a _______ for arm movement

• Consists of:

• Two clavicles

• Two scapulae

• Connects with the axial skeleton only at the manubrium

• The Clavicles

• Also called ________________

• Long, S-shaped bones

• Originate at the manubrium (sternal end)

• Articulate with the scapulae (acromial end)

• The Scapulae

• Also called shoulder blades

• Broad, flat ___________

• Articulate with arm and collarbone

• Structures of the scapula

• Body has three sides

1. Superior border

2. ___________ border (vertebral border)

3. Lateral border (axillary border)

• Body has three corners

• The scapular head

• Processes of the glenoid cavity

• Coracoid process

• Anterior, smaller

• Acromion

• Posterior, larger

• Articulates with clavicle

• The Upper Limbs

• Consist of:

• Note: arm (brachium) = 1 bone, the humerus

• The Humerus

• Also called the arm

• The long, upper arm bone

• Articulates with the pelvic girdle

• Tubercles of the proximal epiphysis

• Head

• Anatomical neck

• The Radius

• Eight Carpal Bones

• _____ proximal carpal bones

• _____ distal carpal bones

• Allow wrist to bend and _________

• Proximal Carpal Bones

1. Scaphoid

2. Lunate

3. Triquetrum

4. Pisiform

• Distal Carpal Bones

1. Trapezium

2. Trapezoid

3. Capitate

4. Hamate

• Metacarpal Bones

• Phalanges of the Hands

• The Pelvic Girdle

• Made up of two ________ bones (coxal bones)

• Strong to bear body weight, stress of movement

• Part of the pelvis

• Determines direction and of movement (___= ROM)