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Hildegard Peplau - ...
Theoretical foundation of nursing (TFN1)
Riverside College
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HILDEGARD PEPLAU
First Published Nursing Theorist in a century, since Nightingale. Created the Nursing Middle-Range Theory of Interpersonal Relations Helped revolutionize the scholarly work of nurses. Contributor to Mental Health laws and reforms.
Background – Birth and Childhood Born Hildegard E. Peplau on September 1, 1909 in Reading, Pennsylvania She had Immigrant Parents of German Descent Father was illiterate and workaholic Mother was perfectionist and Oppressive Raised in a paternalistic family and a paternalistic society. Though higher education was never discussed at home, Hilda was strong-willed with motivation and vision to grow beyond traditional women’s roles. She wanted more out of life and knew Nursing was one of few career choices for women in her day.
Historical Events of Hilda’s Youth WWI ended in 1918, along with the great flu epidemic the same year. Industry Expansion and Bullish Stock Market Women First Vote in 1920 Roaring 20s and Prohibition It was a man’s world in both business and education.
Nursing Education of Peplau’s Time The autonomous, nursing-controlled Nightingale era school came to an end. Schools are controlled by hospitals now Formal book learning was discouraged. Hospitals and Physicians saw women in Nursing as a source of free or inexpensive labor. Exploitation was not uncommon of nurse’s employers, physicians, and educational providers. Nursing Practice was controlled by Medicine.
Nursing Education and Military Service Peplau pushed forward beating the odds. Graduate Pottstown, PA Hospital School of Nursing in 1931 BA Psychology: Bennington College, VT 1943 World War II: Army Nurse Corps Worked in a neuropsychiatric hospital in London, England Graduate Degrees from Teachers’ College, Columbia University MA Psychiatric Nursing in 1947 Ed. Nursing Education in 1953 Certification in Psychoanalysis for Teachers: William Alanson White Institute, New York City, 1954
Foundation of Peplau’s Framework Hilda witnessed injustices in life, being determined to push past them for social justice. First exposure to Interpersonal Theory at Bennington. Wherein she attended lectures by Harold Stack Sullivan on Interpersonal Relationships. Studied with Frieda Fromm-Reichman and Eric Fromm She had vision to bring the Sullivanian Theory to interactions with her patients which they needed: Humane Treatment Dignity and Respect Healing Discussion
Peplau’s Framework Foundations Teachers College – Director of Advanced Program in Psychiatric Nursing She created Nursing Curriculum Included study of Nurse-Patient Interactions through “Process Recordings” Peplau analyzed interactions of students with patients, taking her own experience into account. Reviewed them for recurring themes. Using clinical data for theory development o Empirical Evidence Her book, or conceptual framework, was completed by 1948 It was entitled Interpersonal Relations in Nursing
Goals of the Theory
Publishing her book took additional 4 years because it was groundbreaking for a nurse to contribute this scholarly work without a coauthoring physician. Peplau’s original intent was not theory development per se. She wanted “only to convey to the Nursing profession ideas she thought were important to improve practice.” Peplau’s focus was the quality of the Nurse-Patient interactions and Nursing Education.
INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS THEORY
Basic Elements of the Theory The Patient The Nurse The Interaction Between Them
DEFINTIONS
Client/Patient Person, couple, group, community, deserving of humane care with dignity, privacy, and ethics.
Environment Physiological, psychological, and social fluidity that may be illness-maintaining or health promoting.
Health Forward movement of personality and other ongoing human processes in the direction of creative, constructive, personal, and community living.
Interpersonal Phenomena that occur between persons.
Nurse The medium of the art of nursing; a maturing force. “The unique blend of ideals, values, integrity, and commitment to the well-being of others.”
Nursing Roles To assist client starting as stranger, then technical expert, resource person, surrogate, counselor, teacher, & others.
GUIDING ASSUMPTIONS OF THE INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS THEORY
There’s a total of eleven (11) assumptions.
Two Original Assumptions 1. The kind of Nurse each person becomes makes a substantial difference in what each client will learn as she or he is nursed throughout his or her experience with illness. 2. Fostering personality development in the direction of maturity is a function of Nursing and Nursing Education; it requires the use of principles and methods that permit and guide the process of grappling with everyday interpersonal problems or difficulties.
Assumptions Added by Peplau Later On 3. Nursing can take as its unique focus the reactions of clients to the circumstances of their illnesses or health problems. 4. Since illness provides opportunity for learning and growth, Nursing can assist clients to gain intellectual and interpersonal competencies, beyond those that they have at the point of illness, by gearing the Nursing Practices to evolving such competencies through Nurse-Client interactions. 5. Psychodynamic Nursing crosses all specialty areas of Nursing. It is not synonymous with Psychiatric Nursing since every nurse-client relationship is an interpersonal situation in which recurring difficulties of everyday life arise. 6. Difficulties in interpersonal relations recur in varying intensities throughout the life of everyone. 7. The need to harness energy that derives from tension and anxiety connected to felt needs to positive means for defining, understanding, and meeting productively the problem at hand is a universal need. 8. All human behavior is purposeful and goal-seeking in terms of feelings of satisfaction and/or security. 9. The interaction of nurse and client is fruitful when a method of communication that identifies and uses common meanings is at work in the situation. 10. The meaning of behaviors to the client is the only relevant basis on which Nurses can determine needs to be met. 11. Each person will behave, during any crisis, in a way that has worked in relation to crisis in the past.
Hildegard Peplau - ...
Course: Theoretical foundation of nursing (TFN1)
University: Riverside College
