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Integ respi changes - Lecture notes in NCM114COP (geriatric nursing). Note template by @riebisco on

Lecture notes in NCM114COP (geriatric nursing). Note template by @rieb...

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Theoretical foundation of nursing (TFN1)

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Riverside College

Academic year: 2022/2023

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INTEGUMENTARY & RESPIRATORY CHANGES

NCM114COP

BSN 3 - Ray | MS. Ma. Leah Bee Ayson | SEM 2 2023

INTEGUMENT

● Includes: ○ body membranes ○ skin ○ hair ○ fingernails ○ sweat ○ oil glands ● Skin ○ has multiple layers that protect the body, help regulate body temperature, and help excrete wastes via sweat ○ is a barrier ● Forms the external body covering ● Protects deeper tissue from injury ● Synthesizes vitamin D ● Location of sensory receptors (pain, pressure, etc.) and sweat and oil glands

NORMAL PHYSICAL CHANGES ASSOCIATED

WITH AGING

● Increased skin dryness ● Increased skin pallor ● Increased skin fragility ● Progressive sagging and wrinkling of the skin ● Decreased perspiration ● Thinning and graying of scalp, pubic and axillary hair ● Slower nail growth and increased thickening with ridges

The Effect of Aromatherapy on Elderly Persons With Dry Skin: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Dry skin, which is one of the most frequent dermatological problems seen in the elderly population, is an important problem that increases with aging. This study was conducted as a randomized controlled experimental trial to determine the effect of aromatherapy, applied to elderly persons residing in a nursing home in a city center, on dry skin. Elderly persons were grouped into a control group (20 elderly persons), an olive oil group (20 elderly persons), and an aromatherapy group (20 elderly persons).

When examining between measurements differences of the groups in the study, skin moisture levels of the elderly individuals in the

aromatherapy group increased in all zones, arm, leg, back, and chest, at measurements of the second and fourth weeks compared with the first measurements. This improvement was determined to be higher after the second week.

Skin moisture levels of elderly persons in the olive oil group were determined to significantly increase at the arm zone in the fourth week and at the back zone in the second and fourth weeks compared with the first measurements.

Skin moisture levels of elderly persons in the control group, on the contrary, did not change in the second and fourth weeks compared with the first measurements and their dry skin continued at the same level.

The intervention performed in this manner in the present study can be used in the clinical practice as an effective nursing intervention to reducing dry skin among elderly persons.

NEURO/MUSCULAR/SKELETAL

● Slowed reaction time due to diminished speed of nerve fibers and decreased muscle tone ● Loss of height (stature) due to atrophy of intervertebral disks ● Loss of bone mass due to bone reabsorption outpaces bone reformation ● Joint stiffness due to drying and loss of elasticity in joint cartilage ● Impaired balance due to decreased muscle strength, reaction time and coordination ● Greater difficulty in complex learning and abstraction due to fewer cells in cerebral cortex

DECREASED SPEED AND POWER OF SKELETAL

MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS DUE TO DECREASE IN

MUSCLE FIBERS

● With age, skeletal muscles atrophy and decrease in mass, and the speed and force of their contraction reduce (Choi, 2016). ● This phenomenon, known as senile sarcopenia, is accompanied by a decrease in physical strength ● Sarcopenia can impair the ability to perform everyday tasks such as rising

from a chair, doing housework or washing oneself (Papa et al, 2017)

AS A PERSON GETS OLDER, CHANGES OCCUR

IN ALL PARTS OF THE BODY, INCLUDING THE

BRAIN: AFFECT MENTAL FUNCTION

● Certain parts of the brain shrink, especially those important to learning and other complex mental activities ● In certain brain regions, communication between neurons (nerve cells) may not be as effective ● Blood flow in the brain may decrease

SKELETON

● Acts as a calcium reservoir ● Insufficient levels of calcium or vitamin D (essential for calcium absorption) can lead to a reduction in bone density and increase predisposition to osteoporosis and fractures ● In older people, the gut absorbs less calcium and vitamin D levels tend to decrease, which reduces the amount of calcium available for the bones

Key Points

● The age-related degeneration of the musculoskeletal system makes older people prone to frailty, falls and fractures ● Sarcopenia is produced by atrophy and shrinkage of skeletal muscles, coupled with a reduction in the speed and force of their contraction ● Osteoporosis and osteoarthritis commonly occur in old age as a result of

bone changes ● To have a healthy musculoskeletal system, it is essential that older people keep as physically active as possible

SENSORY-PERCEPTUAL

● Loss of visual acuity ● Cataracts ○ degeneration leading to lens opacity ● Presbyopia ○ thickening and inelasticity ● Increased sensitivity to glare and decreased ability to adjust to darkness ● Changes in the ciliary muscles; rigid pupil sphincter; decrease pupil size ● Arcus Senilis ○ Partial or complete glossy white circle around the periphery of the cornea ● Presbycusis ○ progressive loss of hearing ● Tongue atrophy ○ decreased sense of taste, especially the sweet sensations at the tip of the tongue ● Decrease sense of smell due to atrophy of the olfactory bulb at the base of the brain ● Increased threshold for sensations of pain, touch and temperature - thinner skin, nerve conduction changes ● Nerve ○ a bundle of fibers that receives and sends messages between the body and the brain

PULMONARY

● Decreased ability to expel foreign or accumulated matter ● Difficult, short, heavy, rapid breathing (dyspnea) following intensive exercise ● ↓ lung elastic recoil ● ↓ small airway caliber ● ↓ expiratory flow ● ↑ dynamic airway collapse ● ↓ chest wall compliance ● ↓ respiratory muscle strength ● ↓ gas exchange

2

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Integ respi changes - Lecture notes in NCM114COP (geriatric nursing). Note template by @riebisco on

Course: Theoretical foundation of nursing (TFN1)

78 Documents

Students shared 78 documents in this course

University: Riverside College

Was this document helpful?

INTEGUMENTARY & RESPIRATORY CHANGES

NCM114COP

BSN 3 - Ray | MS. Ma. Leah Bee Ayson | SEM 2 2023

INTEGUMENT

● Includes:

○ body membranes

○ skin

○ hair

○ fingernails

○ sweat

○ oil glands

● Skin

○ has multiple layers that protect

the body, help regulate body

temperature, and help excrete

wastes via sweat

○ is a barrier

● Forms the external body covering

● Protects deeper tissue from injury

● Synthesizes vitamin D

● Location of sensory receptors (pain,

pressure, etc.) and sweat and oil glands

NORMAL PHYSICAL CHANGES ASSOCIATED

WITH AGING

● Increased skin dryness

● Increased skin pallor

● Increased skin fragility

● Progressive sagging and wrinkling of

the skin

● Decreased perspiration

● Thinning and graying of scalp, pubic

and axillary hair

● Slower nail growth and increased

thickening with ridges

The Effect of Aromatherapy on Elderly Persons

With Dry Skin: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Dry skin, which is one of the most frequent

dermatological problems seen in the elderly

population, is an important problem that increases

with aging. This study was conducted as a

randomized controlled experimental trial to

determine the effect of aromatherapy, applied to

elderly persons residing in a nursing home in a city

center, on dry skin. Elderly persons were grouped

into a control group (20 elderly persons), an olive

oil group (20 elderly persons), and an

aromatherapy group (20 elderly persons).

When examining between measurements

differences of the groups in the study, skin

moisture levels of the elderly individuals in the

aromatherapy group increased in all zones, arm,

leg, back, and chest, at measurements of the

second and fourth weeks compared with the first

measurements. This improvement was determined

to be higher after the second week.

Skin moisture levels of elderly persons in the olive

oil group were determined to significantly increase

at the arm zone in the fourth week and at the back

zone in the second and fourth weeks compared

with the first measurements.

Skin moisture levels of elderly persons in the

control group, on the contrary, did not change in

the second and fourth weeks compared with the

first measurements and their dry skin continued at

the same level.

The intervention performed in this manner in the

present study can be used in the clinical practice

as an effective nursing intervention to reducing dry

skin among elderly persons.

NEURO/MUSCULAR/SKELETAL

● Slowed reaction time due to diminished

speed of nerve fibers and decreased

muscle tone

● Loss of height (stature) due to atrophy

of intervertebral disks

● Loss of bone mass due to bone

reabsorption outpaces bone reformation

● Joint stiffness due to drying and loss of

elasticity in joint cartilage

● Impaired balance due to decreased

muscle strength, reaction time and

coordination

● Greater difficulty in complex learning

and abstraction due to fewer cells in

cerebral cortex

DECREASED SPEED AND POWER OF SKELETAL

MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS DUE TO DECREASE IN

MUSCLE FIBERS

● With age, skeletal muscles atrophy and

decrease in mass, and the speed and

force of their contraction reduce (Choi,

2016).

● This phenomenon, known as senile

sarcopenia, is accompanied by a

decrease in physical strength

● Sarcopenia can impair the ability to

perform everyday tasks such as rising

Integ respi changes - Lecture notes in NCM114COP (geriatric nursing). Note template by @riebisco on

Theoretical foundation of nursing (TFN1)