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TFN Module 1 & 2 - ...

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Theoretical foundation of nursing (TFN1)

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Academic year: 2020/2021
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Riverside College

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Theory  A set of concepts, definitions, relationships, and assumptions that project a systematic view of a phenomena  It may consist of one or more relatively specific and concrete concepts and propositions that purport to account for, or organize some phenomenon.

COMPONENTS OF A THEORY

1) Concepts  Ideas and mental images that help to describe phenomena

2) Definitions  Convey the general meaning of the concepts

3) Assumptions  Statements that describe concepts

4) Phenomenon  Aspect of reality that can be consciously sensed or experienced

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Models  Constructed of theories and concepts  Used to help nurses assess, plan, and implement patient care by providing a framework within which to work  Help nurses achieve uniformity of care

Proposition  Explain relationships between concepts.

Theory Vs. Model  Theory  A set of statements that is developed through a process of continued abstractions.  It is a generalized statement aimed at explaining phenomenon.  Model  A model is a purposeful representation of reality.

Paradigm  A model that explains the linkages of science, philosophy, and theory accepted and applied by the discipline

Domain  The view or perspective of the discipline  It contains the subject, central concepts, values and beliefs, phenomena of interest, and the central problems of the discipline

How Does Domain Relate To Nursing Theory?  Nursing has identified its domain in a paradigm that includes four linkages 1. Person/Client 2. Health 3. Environment 4. Nursing

Importance of Nursing Theory  Aims to describe, predict, and explain the phenomenon of nursing  Provides the foundation of nursing practice  Help generate further knowledge  Indicate which direction nursing should develop in the future  Theory is important because it helps us to decide what we know and what we need to know – Parsons (1949)  It helps to distinguish what should form the basics of practice by explicitly describing nursing.  This can be seen as an attempt by the nursing profession to maintain its professional boundaries.

Purposes of Nursing Theory

 It guides nursing practice and generates knowledge  It helps to describe or explain nursing  Enables nurses to know why they are doing what they are doing

Why Do We Study Nursing Theory  Everyday practice enriches theory  Both practice and theory are guided by values and beliefs  Theory helps to reframe our thinking about nursing  Theory guides use of ideas and techniques  Theory can close the gap between theory and research  To envision potentialities  The study and use of nursing theory in nursing practice must have roots in the everyday practice of nurses

How Nurses Use Theory in Everyday Practice  Organize patient data  Understand patient data  Analyze patient data  Make decisions about nursing interventions  Plan patient care  Predict outcomes of care  Evaluate patient outcomes

How do Student Nurses begin to use Nursing Theories?  What is the nature of knowledge needed for the practice of nursing?  What does it mean to me to practice nursing?

NON-NURSING THEORIES  Becker’s Health Belief Model (HBM)  Lazarus and Folkman’s Theory of Stress and Coping  Ajzen’s Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB)  Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory

Commonly Used Non-Nursing Theories  Systems Theory  Basic Human Needs Theory  Health and Wellness Models  Stress and Adaptation  Developmental Theories  Psychosocial Theories

What is The Link Between Nursing Theory and The Research Process?  Theory provides direction for nursing research  Relationships of components in a theory help to drive the research questions for understanding nursing  Indicate a spiral relationship between the two

Current Trends That Influence Nursing Theory  Medical Science  Nursing Education  Professional Nursing Organizations  Evolving Research Approaches  Global Concerns  Consumer Demands  Technologies

Vision Statement of Riverside College  A premier Philippine educational institution of choice which provides global leaders and professionals.

Mission Statement of Riverside College  Riverside College develops leaders and professionals through excellent programs in healthcare and various disciplines that cultivate creativity and critical thinking anchored on Lux et Caritas.

Values of Riverside College  Integrity  Excellence MODULE 1: OVERVIEW OF THE COURSE

 There must be a statement, a document or a set of facts that explains everything in our lives.  Without all of these, we will just like be blinded individuals without basis of our actions.  Since our practices within the family or culture especially about health has been preserved, there must be theories behind them that explains why they become working knowledge  And when we say working, that means, they have become very effective as documented by our ancestors.

Theory  An organized system of accepted knowledge  Composed of concepts, propositions, definitions, and assumptions  Intended to explain a set of fact, event or phenomena.

Concept  An idea formulated by the mind, an experience perceived and observed (justice, love, war, disease)

Proposition  Explains the relationships of different concepts  Ex. Children who do not want to stay in the hospital because of their fear of injections

Definition  Various descriptions which convey general meaning & reduces the vagueness in understanding a set of concepts.

Assumption  A statement that specifies a connection or relationship of factual concepts or phenomena.  Ex. All patients who are not able to take good care of themselves need nurses.

RELATIONSHIPS

 The following diagram explains the relationships of concepts, propositions, assumptions and definitions with theory and phenomena.

Remember  Theory has no absolute proof, an abstract statement to predict, and tested by observation and research.

WHAT OTHER FAMOUS PERSONS SAID ABOUT THE THEORY

Parker (2001)  Organize, coherent set of concepts and their relationship to each other that offers descriptions, explanations, and predictions about phenomena.

Potter (2004)  Set of concepts, definitions, relationships and assumptions that project a systematic view of Phenomena.

Blackwell (2005)  Reasoned proposed explanation of an occurrence or of something that will occur or be produced, for which absolute proof is lacking.

Delaune and Ladner (2006)  Set of concepts and propositions that provide early way to view a phenomenon.

Mosby (2006)  It is an abstract statement formulated to predict, explain or describe the relationships among concepts, constructs an event.  It is tested by observation and research using factual data.

Kozier (2008)  Supposition or system of ideas that is proposed to explain a phenomenon.

NURSING THEORY

 A group of interrelated concepts that are developed from various studies of disciplines and related experiences.  Aims to view the essence of nursing care  Theories are specifically contributed by different nursing theorists from different times and ages.  Ex. In the 19th century, Florence Nightingale projected a valuable relationship between health and environmental factors like fresh air, sunlight, and ventilation. Florence Nightingale

 “Lady With the Lamp”  She is the First Nursing Theorist  Daughter of a rich man who defied society in her time  Statistician and a Nurse  Volunteered to go to Scutari to help the soldiers  Part of a wealthy family, Florence Nightingale defied the expectations of the time and pursued what she saw as her God-given calling of nursing.  During the Crimean War, she and a team of nurses improved the unsanitary conditions at a British base hospital, greatly reducing the death count.  Her writings sparked worldwide health care reform, and in 1860 she established St. Thomas' Hospital and the Nightingale Training School for Nurses.  A revered hero of her time, she died on August 13, 1910, in London.

Why Was She Called “The Lady With A Lamp”?  Florence always made rounds to visit and check patients in Scutari (Turkey).  She was remembered as someone who always brought her lamp at night when she visited the wounded and sick soldiers of the Crimean War.

Did She Really Meet Queen Victoria?  Yes, she met queen Victoria when she arrived with forty nurses from Scutari barrack hospital in November 1854.  Queen Victoria was anxious to hear of the state of the soldiers  She requested details from Miss Nightingale’s reports.  She was given a jewel brooch for her service to the sick as well as for her bravery.

What Happened to the Hospital in Scutari?  The soldiers were dying because the condition of the hospital was very poor.  There were not enough lights coming from windows and fresh air was not in proper circulation.  The place was very dirty, there were rats and other pests roaming around the insides of the hospital.  The water source was also very scarce.  Florence made changes to all of these during her time.

NURSING THEORY

 An articulated and communicated conceptualization of invented or discovered reality (Central Phenomena and Relationships) in or pertaining to nursing.  For the purpose of describing, explaining, predicting, or prescribing nursing care.  This definition states the importance of expressing nursing theory in providing direction to nursing care.  According to Meleis (1991)

COMPONENTS OF A THEORY

1) Context  Resembles environment to which nursing act takes place

2) Content  Subject of the theory

3) Process  Method by which the nurse acts in using nursing theory

The Complexity of Nursing  Different definitions by many authors are inevitable.  There is Beauty in diversity especially in refining the complexity of nursing.  In the near future, the certainty of nursing theories will become more dependable as extensive studies and researches become stronger and widespread, and it is possible that more nursing theories will evolve.

Topic 4 – The Nursing Theory  With the history and definitions of Nursing, we can easily determine the distinct and unique role of nurses in the promotion of health, treating of symptoms in the actual disease, and as well as prevention of diseases in the future.  It is imperative that the making of a nursing model is essential as it will give us in the healthcare, patterns in the delivery of care to make it more effective, and to show clear bases in theories for the actual work as we face various trials in the delivery of care during these difficult times. NURSING PARADIGMS  Pattern or models used in the nursing profession.

 It can come from an empirical (observed or experience) phenomena or any abstraction of how a person perceived an object that is not physically present or observed like charity, caring, patience.  A concept enhances one’s capacity to understand phenomena as it helps define the meaning of a word.  2 Types of Concepts:  Abstract Concepts o Are indirectly observed or intangible. o It is independent of time and place o Examples are love, care, and freedom.  Concrete Concepts o Sre directly observed or tangible o Examples are nurse, mother, and pain  Can be used in making or formulating a conceptual or operational definition.

Conceptual Definitions  Are the meaning of a word based on how a certain theory or relevant literature perceives it to be.  Examples are roles/ concepts of nurse, patient care, and environment.

Operational Definitions  Are meaning of a word based on the method of how it was measured or how the person come up with that perception.  An example of this type is the significance of pain perception and practiced nursing intervention.  It sets forth the meaning of phenomena through analysis, reasoning and logical argument.

Philosophy  Works that specify philosophical approaches to Nursing are considered as a philosophy.  Such as that of Nightingale’s  Furthermore, theory may be formed from these philosophies such the work of Watson and Benner.  Philosophies have contributed to the knowledge development in nursing by forming a basis for subsequent developments especially in area of human science.  They can be represented thru a diagram or in a narrative form which shows how concepts are interrelated.

PERSON → PHYSICAL FITNESS (Exercise) → LOWERED BP  This a theoretical framework presented by a nurse theorist, Lydia Hall

Science  From the Latin scientia meaning “knowledge”  Refers to any systematic knowledge or practice in a discipline of study.  In a more casual sense, science refers to a system of acquiring knowledge based on the scientific method.  It is also the organized body of knowledge gained through research.

STEPS IN THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD

1) Observation  Integration of knowledge and/or phenomenon by a rational/ sentient being  Example: Elmer, a nurse-researcher observes a certain nursing phenomenon and makes a study about it.

2) Gathering Information/Data  Recognition and collecting data for a scientific problem or inquiry.  Example: His colleague, Dave helps him to gather data thru various methods.

3) Forming Hypothesis  An attempt to explain or suggest a nature of a phenomenon.  Example: they both make a hypothesis, an intelligent guess on the nature of the phenomenon.

4) Experimental investigation  A set of examinations done to solve the query raised through the hypothesis process.  Example: they conduct a survey and interview and apply statistical treatment on the data.

5) Conclusion or Theoretical Explanation  A statement explaining a set of natural phenomena or a scientific query derived from Experimental Investigation.  Example: Based on the result, they draw a conclusion. as new data emerges, the study is re- examined and verified.

Knowledge

 Information, skills and expertise, or through various life experiences, or through Formal/informal Education, Self- Study and Vocational  The abstract or workable understanding of a subject or idea.  What is known in a particular field of discipline or study  Facts and information or awareness or familiarity gained experienced of a fact or situation.  No single agreed classification of knowledge.  Knowledge acquirement involves several cognitive processes.

COGNITIVE PROCESS OF KNOWLEDGE

TYPES OF COGNITIVE PROCESSES

1) Perception  Achieving understanding of sensory data.

2) Association  Combining 2 or more concepts/ideas to form a new concept, or for comparison.

3) Learning  Acquiring experience, skills, information and values.

4) Reasoning  Mental process of seeking conclusions through reason.

5) Communication  Transferring data from sender to receiver using different mediums or tools of communication.

SOURCES OF KNOWLEDDGE

1) Traditional  A nursing practice which is passed down from generation to generation.  When asked about the basis of the nursing practice the answer would be as simple as:  “It’s always been practiced this way.”  Ex. Routine changing of bed linens (soiled or not), common in ICU setup; adopted but no research data to support.

2) Authoritative  An idea by a person of authority which is perceived as true because of his or her expertise.  Ex. Nurse supervisor teaching a novice on insertion of urinary catheter; teaching through experience.

3) Scientific  Came from scientific method through research.  These new ideas are tested and measured systematically using objective criteria.  Ex. Student nurse giving tepid sponge bath (TSB) to patient with fever should know the rationale (reason) behind this procedure, which is heat transfer through evaporation (basic physics).

Phenomenon  All natural events that the human senses can perceive can be called a phenomenon.  In nursing, phenomena can be:  Clinical or Environmental Setting of Nursing (Ex. Health Center)  Disease Process (Ex. Stomach Ulcer)  Client’s Behavior (Ex. Guarding Behavior at the Pain Site)  Interventions (Ex. Care of the Client in Pain)  Practices That Are Utilized In Nursing Theories & Metaparadigms (Person, Nursing, Health, Environment)

supervised by her. In old age, Florence suffered from ill health and she went blind. By the mid-1890s Florence was an invalid. However, she was awarded the Order of Merit in 1907. Florence Nightingale died on 13 August 1910.

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TFN Module 1 & 2 - ...

Course: Theoretical foundation of nursing (TFN1)

78 Documents
Students shared 78 documents in this course

University: Riverside College

Was this document helpful?
Theory
A set of concepts, definitions, relationships, and assumptions that project a systematic view of a phenomena
It may consist of one or more relatively specific and concrete concepts and propositions that purport to account
for, or organize some phenomenon.
COMPONENTS OF A THEORY
1) Concepts
Ideas and mental images that help to describe phenomena
2) Definitions
Convey the general meaning of the concepts
3) Assumptions
Statements that describe concepts
4) Phenomenon
Aspect of reality that can be consciously sensed or experienced
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Models
Constructed of theories and concepts
Used to help nurses assess, plan, and implement patient care by providing a framework within which to work
Help nurses achieve uniformity of care
Proposition
Explain relationships between concepts.
Theory Vs. Model
Theory
A set of statements that is developed through a process of continued abstractions.
It is a generalized statement aimed at explaining phenomenon.
Model
A model is a purposeful representation of reality.
Paradigm
A model that explains the linkages of science, philosophy, and theory accepted and applied by the discipline
Domain
The view or perspective of the discipline
It contains the subject, central concepts, values and beliefs, phenomena of interest, and the central problems of
the discipline
How Does Domain Relate To Nursing Theory?
Nursing has identified its domain in a paradigm that includes four linkages
1. Person/Client
2. Health
3. Environment
4. Nursing
Importance of Nursing Theory
Aims to describe, predict, and explain the phenomenon of nursing
Provides the foundation of nursing practice
Help generate further knowledge
Indicate which direction nursing should develop in the future
Theory is important because it helps us to decide what we know and
what we need to know – Parsons (1949)
It helps to distinguish what should form the basics of practice by
explicitly describing nursing.
This can be seen as an attempt by the nursing profession to maintain its
professional boundaries.
Purposes of Nursing Theory

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