- Information
- AI Chat
General Biology Notes
Bachelor of Science in Biology (BSBiol)
Saint Louis University (Philippines)
Recommended for you
Preview text
Processes Involved in Genetic Engineering
Genetic engineering- DNA modification is the process of adding new traits to an organism through advanced techniques.
DNA recombination- is a process of combining DNA from different sources to create new traits.
Basic steps in Genetic Engineering
Genetic Codes- MRNA (Messenger RNA), AT-CG (Adenine pairs with Thymine, and Cytosine pairs with Guanine), TRNA (Transfer RNA), AU-CG (While DNA has the ATCG nitrogenous bases, RNA replaces thymine with uracil, making its bases AUCG. So, that means that whenever DNA has adenine, instead of pairing this with thymine, RNA will use uracil instead). DNA- Deoxyribonucleic acid, the molecule that carries genetic information for the development and functioning of an organism. RNA- it is made of nucleotides. Creates proteins via translation. Protein- repairs cells and makes new ones. Double Helix- The structure of DNA.
- HISTORY OF LIFE ON EARTH-
- 4 billion years ago the Earth started to form. STRATA- layers on the lithosphere, it has record of life forms and geologic events in Earth’s History. FOSSILS- are remnants, Remnant, impression, or trace of an animals or plants of a past geologic age that has been preserved in Earth’s crust. The complex of data recorded in fossils worldwide – known as the fossils record – is the primary source of information about the history of life on Earth. -A record of life forms and geologic events in Earths’ history 4 BILLION YEARS AGO PRESENT TIME
EON- the largest division of geologic time scale; half billion- nearly 2 billion years. PRECAMBRIAN- 4 billion years; about 88% of Earth’s History Proterozoic Archean Hadean PALEOZOIC ERA
- ERA- Divisions that span time periods of tens to hundreds of millions of years Paleozoic Era Mesozoic Era Cenozoic Era PALEOZOIC ERA “Ancient or old life”; started more than 540 million years ago. Many organisms that have emerged during this time were invertebrates. PERIOD- A division of geologic history with spans of no more than 100 million years
ISOLATION CUTTING LIGATION, INSERTION TRANSFORMATION EXPRESSION
Cambrian- The era began with a spectacular burst of new life. This called the CAMBRIAN EXPLOSION CAMBRIAN PERIOD (544-505 million years) ● Following the Precambrian mass extinction, there was an explosion of new kinds of organisms in the Cambrian. ● Many types of primitive animals called sponges evolved. ● Small ocean invertebrates (animals without a backbone), called trilobites, were very abundant. ORDOVICIAN PERIOD (505-440 million years) ● The oceans were filled with invertebrates of many types. ● The first fish evolved. ● Plants colonized the land for the first time, but animals remained in the water SILURIAN PERIOD (440-410 million years ago) ●In the oceans, corals appeared, and fish continued to evolve. ● On the land, vascular plants appeared. With special tissues to circulate water and other materials, they could grow larger than earlier, nonvascular plants. DEVONIAN PERIOD (410-360 million years ago) ●The first seed plants evolved. Seeds had a protective coat and stored food to help them survive. Seed plants eventually became the most common type of land plants. ●Fish with lobe fins evolved. They could breathe air when they raised their heads above water. Breathing would be necessary for animals to eventually colonize the land. CARBONIFEROUS PERIOD (360-290 million years ago) ● Widespread forests of huge plants lef massive deposits of carbon that eventually turned to coal. ● The first amphibians evolved to colonize land, but they had to return to the water to reproduce. ● Soon afer amphibians arose, the first reptiles evolved. They were the first animals that could reproduce on dry land. PERMIAN PERIOD (290-245 million years ago) ●All the major land masses collided to form a ● supercontinent called Pangaea. Temperatures were extreme, and the climate was dry. ● Plants and animals evolved adaptations to dryness, such as waxy leaves or leathery skin to prevent water loss. ● The Permian ended with a mass extinction. The Era ended with the biggest mass extinction the world had ever seen. This is known as the Permian Extinction MESOZOIC ERA “Middle Life”; started more than 280 million years ago. This is the age of reptiles and the era of dinosaurs. MEAOZOIC Cretaceous Jurassic Triassic TRIASSIC-The first dinosaurs branched off from the reptiles and colonized the land, air, and water ●Huge seed ferns and conifers dominated the forests, and modern corals, fish, and insects evolved ● The supercontinent Pangaea started to separate into Laurasia and Gondwanaland ● The Triassic Period ended with a mass extinction JURASSIC PERIOD- “The Golden Age of Dinosaurs"; earliest birds evolved from reptile ancestors ●All the major groups of mammals evolved, though individual mammals were still small in size ● Flowering plants appeared for the first time, and new insects also evolved to pollinate the fowers
●THEORY OF ACQUIRED CHARACTERISTICS- Sometimes called theory of the inheritance of acquired characteristics, or "soft inheritance" Holds that an organism experiencing such a modification can transmit such a character to its offspring. CHARLES DARWIN’S THEORY: ●SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST- Organisms adapt to its environment and survive -DESCENT WITH MODIFICATION Species has descended and change over time -NATURAL SELECTION process through which populations of living organisms adapt and change -ARTIFICIAL SELECTION Identification of desirable traits by HUMANS to perpetuate it to future generations MECHANISM OF EVOLUTION ●GENE FLOW- introduction of genetic material (by interbreeding) from one population of a species to another ●GENETIC DRIFT- The frequency of a trait changes by chance randomly 2 main types: FOUNDER EFFECT BOTTLENECK EFFECT ●MUTATION- Genes are damaged or changed that alter the DNA sequence SYSTEMATICS- study of biological diversity and the relationships among organisms. TAXONOMY- the study of describing, naming, and classifying species. PHYLOGENETICS- the study of evolutionary relationship among species Scientists classify/determine living organisms using the following: 1. KNOWN (AND UNKNOWN) SPECIES. 2. DEFINING CHARACTERISTICS OF EACH SPECIES 3. RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THESE SPECIES ARISTOTLE -Greek philosopher
- classified al the animals, HISTORIA ANIMALIUM (great chain of being)
- Grouped creatures into hierarchy CAROLUS LINNAEUS -Carl Von Linne
- Swedish botanist and explorer
- Developed the LINNEAN SYSTEM, a taxonomic classification system
-Organized organisms from larger to smaller and more specific categories the HIERARCHICAL SYSTEM
-Created a scientific naming system BINOMIAL SYSTEM OF NOMENCLATURE
BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE (Two-part name came from GENUS and SPECIFIC EPITHET)
Rules in Writing:
- The name should be in LATIN
- The genus of an organism begins with a capital letter; the species designation begins with a lowercase
- The entire scientific name is ITALICED typewritten or UNDERLINED when hand-written e: Felis catus- house cat
- All taxa must have an author when described. Ex: Homo sapiens L. NOMENCLATURE CODES International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN)- Algae, fungi, and Plants International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN)- Animals International Code of Nomenclature Bacteria (ICNB)- Bacteria International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses- Viruses MORPHOLOGICAL TRAITS- changes to the outward appearance of an animal as well as the form and structure of internal parts, like bones and organs
DEVELOPMENTAL TRAITS- the study of the process by which animals and plants grow and develop. GENETIC TRAITS- Similarities of human DNA and protein sequences to other animal TAXONOMIC HIERARCHY- Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species. Dear King Philip Came Over From Great Spain
KINGDOM ARCHAEA
-ancient bacteria -halophiles, methanogens, thermophiles -prokaryotes (does not have nucleus) - Some are autotroph, some are heterotrophs -unicellular -Cells don’t have peptidoglycan -mostly extremophile KINGDOM EUBACTERIA
- true bacteria and blue green algae ( cyanobacteria) -Prokaryotes -Cell have peptidoglycan -Unicellular -survive almost everywhere ex: cocci, bacilli, spirilla. -autotroph, heterotroph, or chemoautotrophs. KINGDOM FUNGI
- eukaryotes (it has nucleus) -mostly multicellular, very-few unicellular -All are heterotrophs -form spores for reproduction
- model organism in genetic and molecular biology. KIGNDOM PLANTAE
- eukaryotes - multicellular -has chlorophyll producers
- Bryophytes
- Tracheophytes KINGDOM ANIMALIA -eukaryotes -Multicellular -heterotrophs -consumers
- biggest kingdom in the living world
- vertebrates
General Biology Notes
Course: Bachelor of Science in Biology (BSBiol)
University: Saint Louis University (Philippines)
