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1 - Research Special Science Elective Class
General Science (GS 116)
San Carlos College
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Research I
Quarter
3-Module 1:
8
Week 1, Introduction to Research
Methodology: Research Designs and
Methods
Source: writeawriting
ii
8
Research I
####### Quarter 3-Module 1:
Introduction to
Research
Methodology:
Research Designs and
Methods
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Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page COVER PAGE i COPYRIGHT PAGE ii TITLE PAGE iii TABLE OF CONTENTS iv Lesson 1 – Introduction to Research Methodology: Research Designs and Methods What I Need to Know 1 What I Know 1 What’s In 3 What’s New 3 What is It 5 What’s More 11 What I Have Lear ned 12 What I Can Do 13 Assessment 14 Additional Activities 16 References 16 Answer Key 17 iv What I Need to Know How was your jour ney in research? So far, you are done drafting the first and second chapters of your research proposal. That’s great! But keep in mind to constantly improve and refine those parts of your research paper as needed. In this module, we will be dealing with the third and last part of your research proposal and that is your research methodology. Does the word methodology ring a bell? What word/s can you associate with this ter m? Alright, let’s get started. After going through this module, you are expected to:
A. Data gathering procedure C. Research instrument A. Research design D. Statement of the problem 10 what part of the research methodology where you discuss the tools used in collecting data? A. Research design C. Research instrument B. Research environment D. Research respondents 11 type of research design focuses on human behavior from the participant’s point of view which involves the collection of non-numerical data? A. Abstract B. Experiment C. Qualitative D. Quantitative 12. Which of the following DOES NOT belong to the group? A. Case study C. Grounded theory B. Correlational research D. Historical research 13. What type of qualitative research design wherein the researcher immerses himself in a culture that is unfamiliar to him to better understand it? A. Descriptive B. Ethnography C. Experimental D. Phenomenology 14 what part of the research methodology where you discuss the participants of your study and the sampling technique used in selecting them? A. Research design C. Research instrument B. Research environment D. Research respondents 15 of the following statements is FALSE? A. An experimental research that makes use of intact groups is called quasi experimental research. B. Ethnography is a qualitative research that seeks to describe the culture and beliefs of a certain group of individuals. C. When the researcher controls some variables and assigned respondents randomly, then true experimental is used. D. Case study is a type of research that seeks to have an in-depth understanding of a case. A case refers to a single individual who is of interest to the researchers. 2 Lesson
1
Introduction to Research Methodology: Research Designs and Methods What’s In Drafting your research introduction and your review of related literature
provides the justification of your study. It answers the “what” and “why” of your research. Did you already answer those questions in chapters 1 and 2? If yes, then tap your shoulder because you’re doing great. What do you think is the next part of a research proposal which will answer the “how” of your study? Any idea? What about a guess. Wonder ful! That is your chapter 3, research methodology. What do you know about research methodology? T o check how much you know about research methodology, please read the story of two scientists, namely Edward Jenner and Pearl Kendrick. What’s New “Let’s Get to Know Who: A Flashback” Directions: Read carefully the texts about two scientific investigations or researches conducted by dif ferent scientists and complete the table that follows. Edward Jenner Edward Jenner, bor n in England in 1749, is one of the most famous physicians in medical history. Jenner tested the hypothesis that infection with cowpox could protect a person from smallpox infection. All vaccines developed since Jenner’s time stem from his work. Cowpox is an uncommon illness in cattle, usually mild, that can be spread from a cow to a human via sores on the cow's udder. Smallpox, in contrast, was a deadly disease of humans. It killed about 30% of those it infected. Survivors often bore deep, pitted scars on their faces and other parts of the body af fected by the blistering illness. Smallpox was a leading cause of blindness. Jenner is said to have been interested in the observation of a dairymaid. She told him, “I shall never have smallpox, for I have had cowpox. I shall never have an ugly pockmarked face.” And many other dairy workers commonly believed that infection with cowpox protected them from smallpox. Given that the protective ef fect of cowpox infection was common local knowledge, why was Jenner’s involvement important? Jenner decided to systematically test the observation, which then would for m the basis of a practical application of the benefit of cowpox infection. Jenner 3 scratched some material from a cowpox sore on the hand of a milkmaid into the ar m of eight-year -old James Phipps, the son of Jenner's gardener. Young Phipps felt poorly for several days but made a full recovery. A short time later, Jenner scratched some matter from fresh human smallpox sore into Phipps’s ar m in an attempt to make him ill with smallpox. Phipps, however, did not contract smallpox. Jenner went on to test his idea on other humans. He repeated his experiment several times and got the same results. He then published a report of his findings. Other scientists did likewise and got the same results. Jenner is famous for having applied the scientific method to establish the means of preventing smallpox. We know now that the virus that causes cowpox belongs to the Orthopox family of viruses. Orthopox viruses also include variola viruses, the ones that cause smallpox. Jenner’s method of vaccination against smallpox grew in popularity and eventually spread around the globe. About 150 years after Jenner’s death in 1823, smallpox would be making its last gasps. The World Health Organization eventually declared smallpox to be eradicated from the planet in 1980 after a massive surveillance and vaccination program. Pearl Kendrick
- The study makes use of human samples.
- Scientific method is applied.
- Findings were published. As you complete the table above, you were examining the processes or procedures used by these scientists in conducting their researches. The processes and procedures you just studied answer the how’s of research. How is the research conducted? In the example given, both Jenner and Kendrick conducted scientific investigations. They both anchored their study using the scientific method, yet in Kendrick’s study, a control was used which is not present in Jenner. Experimental design was used in their studies. Does the phrase “experimental design” ring a bell? T o know more, let’s read the next part of your module. What is It How did Jenner and Kendrick conduct their study? Are there any similarities and dif ferences? The part of research that deals with the “How’s” of things is called the research methodology. This part is very important as it states the processes and procedures to be executed in the study. It provides infor mation to its readers on how the research is conducted and how can it be validated. The research findings can be validated by simply following the procedures carefully. C’mon, let’s get to know more about it! What are present in the research methodology part of your paper? An Overview The research methodology contains the following infor mation:
- Research Design
- Research Environment
- Research Respondents
- Research Instruments 5
- Data Gathering Procedures
- Data Analysis (T reatment of data)
- Ethical Considerations Every part of the research methodology gives you dif ferent but interrelated infor mation. Are you familiar with these parts? What do you think are present and to be written under these sections? Let’s have a short overview. Part of the Research Methodology Questions it seeks to answer Research Design ✓ What is the design to be used in the study? Research Environment ✓ Where are you going to conduct your study? ✓ What is/are your basis/bases?
Research Respondents ✓ Who are your research participants? ✓ Can you describe the samples or sources of data of your research? ✓ How will the samples be gathered? Research Instruments ✓ What tools are you going to use to gather the needed data? Data Gathering Procedures ✓ How will the data be collected, organized, and recorded? Data Analysis (T reatment of data) ✓ How will the data be analyzed and interpreted? ✓ What statistical tools are you going to use? Ethical Considerations ✓ What measures are to be followed/ conducted for the study to be ethical? Alright! I guess you were familiar with some, but you may need more infor mation about the other sections. Do not worry as we will be focusing on research methodology for the whole quarter. As of this module, we will discuss first about research designs and methods. RESEARCH DESIGNS AND METHODS Fundamentally, research designs are categorized as (1) qualitative, (2) quantitative or, (3) mixed – a combination of qualitative and quantitative. Qualitative research design or simply qualitative research seeks to gain an in depth understanding of a certain phenomenon from the point of view of the research participants. It involves the collection and analysis of non-numerical data (e., text, video, or audio) to understand concepts, perceptions, or experiences. On the other hand, quantitative research design or simply quantitative research involves the collection and analysis of numerical data which seeks new knowledge that is generalizable to a bigger population. Moreover, research using mixed methods has qualities of both quantitative and qualitative, according to the specific questions tackled. Each research design has specific research methodologies. Research design is an overall plan or framework used to answer your research question/s. It constitutes the blueprint for the collection, measurement, and analysis of data NOTE: The research problem deter mines the type of design you should use, not the other way around! 6 Alright! Let’s read the texts that follow to know more about the dif ferent research designs. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN Qualitative research design focuses on human behavior from a participant's point of view. It involves collecting and analyzing non-numerical data (e., text, video, or audio) to understand concepts, perceptions, or experiences. It can be used to gather in-depth insights into a problem or generate new ideas for research. It focuses on obtaining data through open-ended and conversational communication. This method is not only about “what” people think but also “why” they think so as they are designed in a manner that helps reveal the behavior and perception of a target audience with reference to a particular topic. Qualitative research is commonly used in the humanities and social sciences, in subjects such as anthropology,
Historical Research Historical research describes past events to understand present patter ns and anticipate future choices. This model answers questions based on a hypothetical idea and then uses resources to test the idea for any potential deviations. Businesses can use historical data of previous ad campaigns and the targeted demographic and split-test it with new campaigns to deter mine the most ef fective campaign. Narrative Research This study uses stories or narratives as data of analysis to understand the meaning of the experiences as revealed in the story/stories by the participants. The narrative model occurs over extended periods of time and compiles infor mation as it happens. Like a story narrative, it takes subjects at a starting point and reviews situations as obstacles or opportunities occur, although the final narrative doesn't always remain in chronological order. Businesses use the narrative method to define buyer personas and use them to identify innovations that appeal to a target market. Source: bizfluent/info-8580000-six-types-qualitative-research.html QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN Quantitative research is the opposite of qualitative research as it involves collecting and analyzing numerical data (e., height of a plant, weight of objects, scores) for statistical analysis. It is outlined as a scientific investigation of phenomena by gathering quantitative infor mation and activity applying mathematics, or procedural techniques. They are objective, elaborate, and many times, even investigational. The results achieved from this research design are logical, statistical, and unbiased. Data collection happened using a structured method and was conducted on larger samples that represent the entire population. Research Methods under Quantitative Research Design: Experimental – These designs are characterized by the manipulation/ control of one or more variables. The purpose of this control is to deter mine whether one factor causes a change to another. This design is useful to establish a cause-and-ef fect 8 relationship between variables. The experimental designs can be further classified as (a) true or randomized experimental and (b) quasi-experimental. RESEARCH METHOD DESCRIPTION
Experimental Research Experimental research, often called true or randomized experimental research, uses the scientific method to establish the cause-ef fect relationship among a group of variables that make up a study. The true experiment is often thought of as a laboratory study, but this is not always the case; a laboratory setting has nothing to do with it. A true experiment is any study where an ef fort is made to identify and impose control over all other variables except one. An independent variable is manipulated to deter mine the ef fects on the dependent variables. Subjects are assigned randomly to experimental treatments rather than identified in naturally occurring groups. The components of the experimental research design are prescribed below. - A comparison group of participants who are randomly selected and assigned to experimental and control groups. - An independent variable which is the manipulated variable in the study. - A dependent variable which is the responding variable. It responds to the manipulation done with the independent variable. Examples: Ef fectiveness of Moringa oleifera as antibacterial against S. aureus Ef fectiveness of positive reinforcement student attitude toward reading Quasi Experimental Research/ Causal Comparative Research Causal-Comparative research attempts to establish cause-ef fect relationships among the variables. This type is very similar to true experiments, but with some key dif ferences. An independent variable is identified but not manipulated by the experimenter, and the ef fects of the independent variable on the dependent variable are measured. The researcher does not randomly assign groups and must use subjects that are naturally for med or pre existing groups. Identified control groups exposed to the treatment variable are studied and compared to groups who are not. Examples: Ef fectiveness of Kahoot application as assessment tool in Science Ef fectiveness of game-based module in the student per for mance in Science Source: libguides.rutgers/c.php?g=337288&p=2273209#:~:text=Correlational%20resear c hattempts%20to%20deter mine,facts%20are%20sought%20and%20interpreted 9 Non-experimental – These designs do not involve the manipulation or control of variables. With this, non-experimental designs cannot deter mine causal ef fects. RESEARCH METHOD DESCRIPTION
premise of this methodology is that such integration per mits a more complete and synergistic utilization of data than do separate quantitative and qualitative data collection and analysis. Hooray! Those are the dif ferent quantitative and qualitative research designs and methods. If you wish to dig more into these designs, you can search the inter net and read. Is there a design and method that caught your attention? For sure! What do you think is the research design and method that fits your current study or problem? Who are your target population? How many samples do you need? Where are you going to conduct this study? What procedures do you need to per for m to make your research a reality? Those are the questions that you may have in mind. T o answer those, you need to share ideas with your groupmates. Don’t worry as the succeeding modules will further help you answer these questions. Okay! As of now, let’s check what you’ve got! Let’s go! What’s More Situational Analysis Directions: Identify the research method being used or to be used in the given scenario. Choose your answers from the box below. CASE STUDY EXPERIMENTAL CAUSAL-COMPARATIVE/QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL GROUNDED THEORY CORRELATIONAL HISTORICAL RESEARCH DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH NARRATIVE RESEARCH ETHNOGRAPHY PHENOMENOLOGICAL RESEARCH
- Kyle lives for half a year in a tribe to experience and understand their culture and means of living.
- Alfred randomly grouped the participants into two and tested the ef fects of his new product on their endurance.
- Lexie studied and gathered data on the best practices of the top-per for ming universities of the country.
- Vincent conducts a study that will further get to know the frequency of scrub cases between the north and south af filiated hospitals of their school. 5. Diana interviewed students on their lived experiences (opportunities and challenges) during the COVID19 pandemic. 11 What I Have Learned Key points: ✓ Research methodology is the third and the last part of a research proposal. It contains the following: ▪ Research design ▪ Research environment ▪ Research respondents
▪ Research instruments ▪ Data gathering procedures ▪ Data analysis (T reatment of Data) ▪ Ethical considerations ✓ Research designs could be qualitative, quantitative, or mixed. ✓ Qualitative research focuses on human behavior from a participant's point of view. It involves collecting and analyzing non numerical data (e., text, video, or audio) to understand concepts, opinions, or experiences. ✓ Qualitative research design includes phenomenology, ethnography, grounded theory, case study, historical research, and narrative research. ✓ Quantitative research is the opposite of qualitative research as it involves collecting and analyzing numerical data for statistical analysis. It is outlined as a scientific investigation of phenomena by gathering quantitative infor mation with the application of mathematics, or procedural techniques. It could be experimental or non-experimental. ✓ Experimental designs are characterized by the manipulation/ control of one or more variables. The purpose of this control is to deter mine whether one factor causes a change to another. This design is useful to establish a cause-and-ef fect relationship between variables. The experimental designs can be further classified as (a) true or randomized experimental and (b) quasi experimental/causal-comparative. ✓ Non-experimental designs do not involve the manipulation or control of variables. With this, non-experimental designs cannot deter mine causal ef fects. These include descriptive, correlational, and survey research. ✓ A mixed methods research design is a procedure for collecting, analyzing, and “mixing” both quantitative and qualitative research designs in a single study to better understand a research problem. 12 What I Can Do My Future Research: Writing my Research Methodology Directions: Write the research methodology part of your research proposal. Brainstor m with your groupmates to reach a group consensus. Use a separate sheet of paper for your answers. Chapter 3 Research Methodology Research Design & Method What research design and method are fit to be used in your study? Discuss and
Spelling and Grammar No grammatical or mechanical mistakes. A few grammatical/ mechanical mistakes. Several grammatical/ mechanical mistakes. Promptness Submitted on or before the deadline. Submitted 1- days after the deadline. Submitted 3 or more days after the deadline. Score: ____/ 50 NOTE! This is one of your per for mance tasks for the 3 rd quarter. Be guided with the given rubrics in making your output. Assessment MULTIPLE CHOICE Directions: Read and analyze the following questions carefully. Write the letter of your answers on a separate sheet of paper.
- In what part of the research methodology where you discuss the tools used in collecting data? A. Research design C. Research instrument B. Research environment D. Research respondents
- Which of the following statements is FALSE? A. An experimental research that makes use of intact groups is called quasi experimental research. B. Ethnography is a qualitative research that seeks to describe the culture and beliefs of a certain group of individuals. 14 C. When the researcher controls some variables and assigned respondents randomly, then true experimental is used. D. Case study is a type of research that seeks to have an in-depth understanding of a case. A case refers to a single individual who is of interest to the researchers.
- Dario advised his patients to use the same amount of herbal poultice with and without beeswax. Further, he also advised them to apply the herbal poultice at equal intervals of time. He does this to make sure that it is only the presence or absence of beeswax on the herbal poultice that influences the rate of recovery of his patients. What type of scientific investigation is conducted by Dario? A. Descriptive B. Ethnography C. Experimental D. Phenomenology
- Ken wants to know how the study is conducted. What part of the research report would help Ken find what he is looking for? A. Background of the Study C. Methodology
B. Hypothesis D. Recommendations 5. If Diana interviewed students on their lived experiences (essence, opportunities, and challenges) during the COVID19 pandemic, then, what research design is being used? A. Descriptive B. Ethnography C. Experimental D. Phenomenology 6. Which of the following DOES NOT belong to the group? A. Case study C. Grounded theory B. Correlational research D. Historical research 7. What type of research is conducted by Alfred if he randomly grouped the participants into two and tested the ef fects of his new product on their endurance? A. Descriptive B. Ethnography C. Experimental D. Phenomenology 8. In what part of the research methodology where you discuss the site /venue or place where you will conduct your study? A. Research design C. Research instrument B. Research environment D. Research respondents 9. What type of qualitative research design wherein the researcher immerses himself in a culture that is unfamiliar to him to better understand it? A. Descriptive B. Ethnography C. Experimental D. Phenomenology 10 what part of the research methodology where you discuss the participants of your study and the sampling technique used in selecting them? A. Research design C. Research instrument B. Research environment D. Research respondents 11 type of research design focuses on human behavior from the participant’s point of view which involves the collection of non-numerical data? A. Abstract B. Experiment C. Qualitative D. Quantitative 12 of the following DOES NOT belong to the group? A. Correlational B. Descriptive C. Experimental D. Survey 15 13 part of the research report contains the processes as to how data are gathered, organized, recorded, analyzed, and interpreted? A. Background of the Study C. Methodology B. Hypothesis D. Recommendations 14 in his study made use of measurements and numbers. He plotted the data and inferred relationships between variables. What type of research design is being conducted by Kenjie? A. Qualitative B. Quantitative C. Mixed method D. None of the above 15 wants to know where the study was conducted and what was the basis of the researcher in choosing it. What part of the research methodology section should she read? A. Data gathering procedure C. Research respondents B. Research environment D. T reatment of data B. Additional Activities
1 - Research Special Science Elective Class
Course: General Science (GS 116)
University: San Carlos College
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