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Applied- Practical- Research-1 Q2 Mod5-V2
BS Education (BSE 101)
Tarlac State University
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Practical Research 1
Quarter 2 - Module 5:
UNDERSTANDING DATA AND WAYS
TO SYSTEMATICALLY COLLECT
DATA
Practical Research 1 – Senior High School Alternative DeliveryMode Quarter 2 – Module 5: Understanding Data and Ways to Systematically Collect Data First Edition, 2019
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Development Team of the Module:
Author: Nadezda T. Pascual
Editors: Jane Charity E. Madronero, Anthony P. Marollano, Chelou M. Tizon, Norma B. Delima, Kareen Agcopora, PhD, Hasima Salic, Jerrie Jane Y. Alojado
Reviewers: May P. Edullantes, EPS-LRMDS
Illustrator: Jay Michael A. Calipusan, S. Aparejo, R. Fabre
Layout & Design Evaluator: Allan H. Guibone
Management Team Chairperson: Dr. Arturo B. Bayocot, CESO III Regional Director Co-Chairpersons: Dr. Victor G. De Gracia Jr., CESO V Asst. Regional Director Mala Epra B. Magnaong CES, CLMD Members: Dr. Bienvenido U. Tagolimot,Jr. Regional ADM Coordinator Dr. Marie Emerald A. Cabigas Regional EPS, LRMDS
Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners,
can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions,
exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each lesson.
Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by-
step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.
Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each
SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module or if you
need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of
the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to self-check
your learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust that you
will be honest in using these.
In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also
provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they can
best help you on your home-based learning.
Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part
of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests. And
read the instructions carefully before performing each task.
If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the
tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.
Thank you.
####### What I Need To Know
In qualitative research, it is important to know how you can collect information for your research topic. This module covers the steps on how to define data and make a research design. It will help you to develop your problem solving and critical thinking skills.
This module will cover the following lessons:
LESSON 1: Qualitative research design LESSON 2: Sampling LESSON 3: The data and data collection LESSON 4: Writing your research methodology LESSON 5: Gathering your data
After reading this module, you will be able to do the following:
- Choose a relevant qualitative research design, CS_RS11-IVa-c-
- Describe a sample and know the process of sampling, CS_RS11-IVa-c-
- Plan on how to collect data, CS_RS11-IVa-c-
- Apply the steps in writing a research methodology, CS_RS11-IVa-c-
####### What I Know
Directions: Before you start the lesson, please answer the following questions for the Pre- test. Choose the letter of the correct answer.
It is a process of structuring techniques and strategies that helps researchers solve their problems or answer their inquiry. A. Research blueprint C. Research ethics B. Research design D. Research proposal
It is commonly used to elicit different ideas, opinions, or beliefs from the respondents. A. Ethnography B. Grounded theory C. Case study D. Phenomenology
It is a set of characteristics representing the research variable. A. Data B. Population C. Sample D. Variable set
It is a group of individuals that represents characteristics of a population. A. Data B. Population C. Sample D. Variable set
This type of data collection method is used when the participants of the study are very young children and those with disabilities. A. Observation C. FGD B. Interview D. Document Review
It is a form of interview wherein the researcher uses an interview schedule and a set of prepared questions, which are unchangeable, to ask from one respondent to another. A. Unstructured interview C. Structured Interview B. Semi-structured interview D. Group Interview
It refers to any procedure done to select samples. A. Experimentation B. Replication C. Sampling D. Treatment
This type of sampling takes advantage of whatever is readily available in the environment. A. Convenience sampling C. Opportunistic sampling B. Snowball sampling D. Homogenous sampling
This type of sampling is done by asking relevant people if they know somebody who is willing to participate in the study. A. Convenience sampling C. Opportunistic sampling B. Snowball sampling D. Homogenous sampling
The following are considered as data gathering instrument EXCEPT: A. Interviews B. Observation C. Questionnaire D. Internet
Sophia wants to study the behavior of baby pandas when placed in a controlled environment. What data gathering instrument will Sophia be using? A. Observation C. FGD B. Interview D. Questionnaire
This type of data gathering instrument is used when the researcher personally asks the respondents about the information they need. A. Observation C. FGD B. Interview D. Questionnaire
END OF PRE-TEST
Lesson
1
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
DESIGN
####### What’s In
You have probably learned how to write the first few chapters of your research paper. By getting it this far, I would like to say CONGRATULATIONS!
Now, we are on the next step on continuing your research paper. I would assume that you now have your own topic to pursue. This lesson will teach you on the basics of qualitative research design.
####### What’s New
Let us try and start writing our initial research design with the use of the 5W’s. You can work with someone in the class and try to compare notes so that we can have a collaboration of ideas. Try to write down the 5 W’s to the topic provided below:
####### Topic: Researching high school dropouts in Valencia City, Bukidnon.
####### This is done to know the reasons why students choose to drop out
####### of their high school education and to give possible solutions to this
####### problem
####### What:
####### Why:
####### Who:
####### Where:
####### When:
Ethnography From the word ethno=people and graphy= writing. Ethnography translates to writing about people.
This type of approach to qualitative research aims to study a particular group of people in their natural settings. This particular study wants to describe and interpret the behavior of different kinds of people, culture or population. This can pertain to a specific type of culture, community, school, or workplace. Source: ala/lita/contextual-inquiry-using-ethnographic-research-impact- your-library-ux
For example, you may want to study a particular type of indigenous people, or you may want to study about the behavior of students in a classroom. This type of approach is the most appropriate for your research.
Case Study
If you want to learn deeper and more specific details of a certain situation, group of people or an individual, you may want to use case studies. The difference of case study with other approaches to qualitative research is that it gives a more in-depth analysis to a topic with a use of more data gathering procedures at the same time. The problem with case studies is that it’s more difficult to use especially if it is your first time making a research paper.
Phenomenology
This type of approach to qualitative research wants to study the phenomenon or experiences of people. The purpose of this approach is to give an idea on how individuals or a group of people react or experience a certain phenomenon.
A phenomenon can be a rare occurrence or an experience of an individual that is not common. An example of this can be applied when we want to study about the experiences of teenagers to bullying or physical abuse.
Historical Approach
To give you a proper explanation of this type of approach, think of the 1986 EDSA Revolution; think about World War II or the past presidential elections. Historical approach is a systematic collection and evaluation of information which have occurred in the past. This can be in a form of documents, stories, artifacts, videos, etc. What you want to do is to examine the validity of these documents, or if you want to add more information about a past
Photo Courtesy: Nadezda Pascual (2018 Photo Courtesy: Nadezda Pascual (
event that hasn’t yet emerged. You might want to ask questions like “What is the purpose of the document?” “Are there other forms of documents or information that I can add?”
####### What I have learned
As a student doing research, what is the importance of having a research design?
How will you use your chosen approach in research design for your own research?
####### What I can do
Read the following scenarios and try to identify which approach in research design is appropriate to use (Historical Approach, Phenomenology, Case Study or Ethnography)
- A researcher wants to study the farming techniques and livelihood of Lumads and how it is tied to the culture of their people.
- A research study will be conducted on the experiences of several people in the communities that were affected by typhoon Yolanda.
- A researcher wants to have an examination on the accuracy of information in the documents that were found during the martial law era.
Lesson
2
SAMPLING
####### What’s In
Now that you are done with the first lesson, you now know that the different approaches to qualitative research design are ethnography, case study, phenomenology, grounded theory and historical approach.
In this lesson, we are going to talk about SAMPLING and its importance to research design.
If you may get a chance to access the internet, you can go here bit/2lk5l8p for a short video lesson about sampling.
National High school and out of school youth at Valencia City.
- Specify a sampling method
There are many types of sampling method for qualitative research. Here are some of the most common and easiest sampling methods to be used. You can either choose one method to use or have a mix of two or more methods:
Snowball sampling- this is done by asking relevant people if they know someone who will be willing to participate in your research. You can put criteria or other qualifications for your respondents. You can use social media for “crowd sourcing” or ask someone in your community on who is willing and qualified to participate in your research.
Opportunistic Sampling- this is a type of sampling that takes sample or respondents that are readily available. For example, you may choose respondents in your community where you can just pick anyone within a close range. Refer to the image below:
Convenience Sampling- using this kind of sampling technique involves selecting people
Source: wjecsociologyrevision.blogspot/2016/02/research-methods-opportunity-sampling.html
that are the most convenient for you as a researcher. You may use someone you already know as a respondent because it will save you time and effort in looking for someone who will participate in your study.
These sampling methods are SOME of the methods that you can use for your research. There are many methods to choose from, but it is important to keep your methods simple to avoid any confusion and complications.
Source: research-methodology/sampling- in-primary-datacollection/convenience-sampling/
- Determine your sample size
A book on high school research by Clemente R. F., Julaton A. B. E. and Orleans, A. V. discusses how to determine your sample sizes. There can be two approaches to determine your sample size:
a. You determine your sample size depending on whether your data will reach its saturation point.
What does saturation point of a data?
When you conduct face to face interviews with your respondents, you may notice that there will be patterns and similar answers to your questions as you increase the number of people that you are interviewing. If you realize that there are no new answers and the pattern seems to be the same on, let’s say, the 10th interview, then it can be assumed that it will be your sample size because you have reached the saturation point of your data.
b. Another way to choose sample size depends on the type of approach that you are going to use for your research. It was cited from Creswell (2013) that 1-10 subjects are recommended for phenomenology. Dukes (1984) stated that there should be 20- 30 individuals for grounded theory and Charmaz (2006) indicated that there should be 4-5 respondents for case studies and a single culture-sharing group for ethnography.
Therefore, your sample size is the number of individuals that you are going to use for your study, and it is up to you to determine which approach you are going to use in choosing your sample size.
- Implement the plan That’s it! If you follow the steps correctly, with a little help and guidance, you can now implement your sampling techniques and select respondents that can be a part of your research. It is important to take note of all the details because you need to write it down in your research paper.
####### What’s More
Read the following scenarios and identify what type of sampling method is being use (Snowball sampling, Opportunistic sampling, Convenience sampling).
- A research about customer satisfaction in a specific restaurant uses this kind of sampling technique by giving survey questionnaires to any customer that enters their establishment. They take advantage of whoever is readily available and does not consider any criteria for choosing them as respondents in the survey.
- Ace is a psychology professor and wants to conduct research about psychosis and schizophrenia. In order to get participants for his study, he enlisted the help of his previous patients which he now considers as his close friends to be his respondents.
Lesson
3
THE DATA AND DATA COLLECTION
####### What’s In
In lesson 2, we discussed the different types of sampling and steps in sampling. In this lesson, we are going to know what data is and how to collect data. In qualitative research, it is important to gather relevant data so that there will be meaningful analysis in your research study.
####### What’s New
Try to answer the following questions:
What is the difference between primary and secondary sources?
What are examples of primary and secondary sources?
Why do you think primary sources are more reliable than secondary sources?
You can use textbooks or browse the internet for your answers. This is only to test your ability to look for information beyond the module. You may present your answer at the next session of the class.
####### What is it
What is data?
Your data is all the information that you will gather throughout your research.
How do we collect our qualitative data?
One way to collect qualitative data is to gather your data from different sources of information. Some of these sources can include books, encyclopedias, websites and first- hand information from people.
There are two classifications of data based on their use and source. PRIMARY DATA refers to first-hand information based on actual experiences or observations. This kind of data is more reliable to use because it is gathered by the actual researchers. Say you want to ask people in the community if they agree to a certain law that is being implemented by the local government. Their answers can be considered as primary data.
Examples of primary data includes: data taken personally through interview, personally observing people to get visual data.
SECONDARY DATA are data that are gathered from secondary sources, meaning it is not you that have obtained the information but rather, it comes from previous research, audio recordings or books. One advantage of secondary data is that it is readily available to use, comparing it to primary data where you have to gather the information yourself.
Examples of secondary data includes: information from your barangay census on the number of population in the area
DATA COLLECTION INSTRUMENTS
These are the tools that you need to use so that you can gather your primary data when you conduct your research. You can even choose one or more instruments to use.
The important thing is that you are knowledgeable to use these in such a way that it will not become a hindrance in completing your research.
- Ine
In qualitative research, doing interviews is the most common type of instrument that is being used. Interviews are done by having a set of questions to your respondents and letting them answer as truthfully as possible. There are mainly three types of interview:
- Structured Interview- this type of interview has a set of predetermined questions that are ready to use. If you are using a structured interview as your instrument to gather data, take note that you should not ask beyond what is written in your interview questions.
Source:newtonsoftware/structured-hiring/
Unstructured Interview- this type of interview is the opposite of structured interview. You are not required to make a set of pre-made questions, but rather make an OUTLINE or what kind of questions you want to ask your respondents. Dawson (2002) calls this type of interview as life history interview. That is because you want to understand the point of view of your respondents, hence it is not advisable to use a pre-made questions. You want them to tell you a story, your respondents are free to talk about what they want to share with a little guide question from you as a researcher.
Semi-structured Interview- this type of interview is a mix of structured and unstructured interview. It may be one of the most common types of interviews. You have to prepare a set of questions; however, you are also free to ask to follow up questions to your respondents if you want to clarify something or add information that is not available to you. This type of interview is also flexible that is why it is preferred to be used by most researchers.
Open-ended questionnaires- unlike close-ended questionnaires, this type of questionnaire leaves a blank space for the respondents to give their point of view about a specific question.
Combination of both- this type of questionnaire combines both the close-ended and open-ended questionnaires. For example, you may want to ask a yes or no question to your respondents and also want them to explain why they have answered yes or no.
- Focus Group Discussion
This type of data gathering instrument focuses on groups of people being interviewed at the same time. This relies on the respondents to give a discussion amongst themselves on the questions that you, the researcher, give. You will serve as the moderator or facilitator. Put three or more people around a table and give them guide questions for them to discuss among themselves. Your role as the researcher and facilitator is to take note of their discussions.
####### What’s More
Answer the following items carefully. 1. The following are considered as data gathering instruments EXCEPT: A. Interviews B. Observation C. Questionnaire D. The internet
This type of observation requires the researcher to be involved in the usual activities of the subjects that they are researching. A. Naturalistic observation B. Participative observation C. Non-naturalistic observation D. None of the above
Steve distributed a data gathering instrument where respondents are requested to supply the necessary information in the blanks placed after each statement or question. What data gathering instrument is Steve using? A. Observation B. Interview C. Questionnaire D. Focus Group Discussions
Source: sociologytwynham/2014/11/29/questionnaires/
Sophia wants to study the behavior of baby pandas when placed in a controlled environment. What data gathering instrument will Sophia be using? A. Observation B. Interview C. Questionnaire D. Focus Group Discussions
This type of data gathering instrument is used when the researcher personally asks the respondents about the information that the researcher needs. A. Observation B. Interview C. Questionnaire D. Focus Group Discussions
####### What I have learned
In lesson 3, I have learned the different types of data gathering instruments which are:
How would you summarize the basic uses of the different data gathering instruments?
####### What I can do
Write your answer on the space provided
What data gathering instrument are you going to use for your own research topic? Why?
As a researcher, how will you make sure that your data gathering is reliable?
After you have finished your activity, you may show it to your teacher for further corrections or you may opt to proceed to the next part of the lesson.
Applied- Practical- Research-1 Q2 Mod5-V2
Course: BS Education (BSE 101)
University: Tarlac State University
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