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General Biology Week 4 - MODULES SHS
BSE Science
University of Caloocan City
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SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
FIRST QUARTER
Module 4
CELL DIVISION: APPLICATIONS
and MALFUNCTIONS
Prepared by: SUZZETH U. DIZON, MBio Master Teacher I – Caloocan City Science High School
Most Essential Learning Competency:
Explain the significance or applications of mitosis/meiosis
(STEM_BIO11/12-Id-f-9)
Identify disorders and diseases that result from the
Malfunction of the cell during the cell cycle
(STEM_BIO11/12-Id-f-10)
12
TO THE LEARNERS:
This module is intended for STEM Senior High School Student taking General Biology I as their specialized subject. As learners, you must execute the activities in this module and must be submitted to the teacher on a specified date. It will be an advantage if you will read something about the topic and use some learning modalities provided by the teacher to ensure there is gain of knowledge in this topic.
This enables you to appreciate the importance of knowing the events happening in our body at the cellular level, connect your previous learnings about the biological organization of life (from cell to tissue to organ to body system to individual), and relate the topic to practical events in your life.
The module has activities and tests that you are required to answer. These should be done to help you deepen your understanding of the concepts. Remove any unnecessary things around you in order for you to concentrate and focus on answering the module.
EXPECTATIONS:
The module is all about CELL DIVISION: APPLICATIONS and MALFUNCTIONS which is covered by the following Most Essential Learning Competencies in General Biology I:
- Explain the significance or applications of mitosis/meiosis (STEM_BIO11/12-Id-f-9)
- Identify disorders and diseases that result from the Malfunction of the cell during the cell cycle (STEM_BIO11/12-Id-f-10)
In here, the following objectives are expected to be attained by the learners:
- Explain the significance or application of mitosis in tissue repair and regeneration;
- Explain the significance or application of meiosis in gamete formation and sexual reproduction;
- Identify disorders resulting from malfunction of cells during cell cycle using a karyotype; and
- Explain how cancer happens due to uncontrolled cell cycle.
The teacher is expected to provide resources and references for the said topic which can be provided to learners, it could be a reading text, diagrams, online links, or video demonstration. The teacher may also discuss using an online platform or through a recorded video.
B. Direction
I. Write A if the given description refers to mitosis and B if meiosis and C if for both. __________ 1. Has four daughter cells __________ 2. Produces two daughter cells __________ 3. Occurs in eukaryotic cell __________ 4. Nuclear division happens __________ 5. Has only one division
BRIEF INTRODUCTION
Life would be impossible if there is no cell cycle and cell division. It plays a vital role in the existence of the species on earth, in diversifying, and increasing the population of the species. Cell division serves as one of the means of reproduction of unicellular organisms thereby increases its number. In case of mitosis in multicellular organisms, it is responsible for growth and repair of body parts. Commonly, mitosis happens when there is a need to repair damaged skin or when a certain species needs to regenerate its damaged body parts just like in some species of lizards (Figure 2).
On the other hand, meiosis plays an important role in genetic diversity and variations. Meiosis is the process responsible for the formation of sex cells or gametes. Both the egg cell and the sperm cell are considered haploid cells, thus during fertilization they fuse together forming a diploid cell. This enables the offspring to be have genome slightly different from its parents and even to its siblings.
In cell division, there is so much concern if the process happened well most especially at the chromosomal level. Take note that during cell division, nucleus tends to divide so as chromosomes found in it. In order to check if cell division is really working properly in the body, one can have its karyotype (Figure 3). In the process of karyotyping, look into the chromosomal count and the condition of the chromosome in terms of its height, banding patterns, centromere position, and the state of the sex chromosomes.
Figure 2 A white-headed dwarf gecko with tail to undergo regeneration en.wikipedia/wiki/Autotomy#/media/File:White-headed_dwarf_gecko
Just like any other living organisms, cells also die. A programmed cell death known as apoptosis happens when a cell has already performed its function or has completed its life cycle. It may take from few hours to years before a cell commits ‘suicide’ depending on the extent of its function to the body. Errors may also occur during the process of cell division. Such event may bring detrimental effect to the individual or if not, may affect the next generation or its offspring. There are several disorders and anomalies involving errors in cell division in which most of them are well known today because of tools like karyotyping and other genetic analytical techniques.
ACTIVITY NO. 1: IMPORTANCE OF CELL DIVISION
Activity 1 Importance of Mitosis: One of the most important applications of mitosis is tissue repair and regeneration. On the table below, describe how mitosis occurs given the following event on specific species.
Structure How mitosis occurs Wound on human skin
flickr/photos/11018968@N00/ Growth of seedlings
flickr/photos/12379985@N00/ 14569285
Figure 3 Karyotype of a human male en.wikipedia/wiki/Karyotype#/media/File:NHGRI_human_male_karyotype
From the karyotype, what is the sex of the individual?
How many chromosomes are there in the karyotype? Is it the normal? Why or why not?
Which among the chromosome pairings is unusual? What do you think is the disorder involved?
What could be the possible reason for having such disorder at the chromosomal level?
Figure 4 Karyotype upload.wikimedia/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Trisomie_21_Genom-
Activity 2 Cancer : Cancer is the outcome of a malfunctioning cell cycle. There are several factors that could trigger the formation of cancer cells. Some studies show a genetic origin, and others are greatly from lifestyle and exposure to carcinogens.
- How are tumor or cancer cells formed?
- What makes a cancer cell unique from a normal cell?
- Which part of the cell cycle do you think is associated with the formation of cancer cells?
Online Option:
You may access youtube/watch?v=IeUANxFVXKc video entitled “Cancer: Unregulated Cell Division” to see how cancer cells are formed and how it differs from a normal cell undergoing a normal cell division.
REMEMBER
- Mitosis is important in the reproduction of unicellular organisms, in body growth of individuals, in tissue repair, and regeneration.
- Meiosis is mainly responsible for genetic variations in species. It is also for the formation of gametes which makes sexual reproduction possible.
- Karyotype enables geneticist to determine abnormalities at the chromosomal level.
- Cancer is a formed by unregulated cell cycle affecting the apoptosis of the cell.
Figure 5 Cancer cell taking over normal cell flickr/photos/155190813@N02/
REFLECTION
Make a reflection on how are you going to associate cell division to biotechnology. Cite some
examples to prove your insights.
When cell division is normal When cell division malfunctions
REFERENCES
Avissar, Desaix, Jurukovski, Wise, & Rye. (n.). Cell Division. In Choic (Ed.), General Biology I (pp. 88-109). Vibal.
Campbell, Neil. Biology. 11th ed. Pearson, 2005.
“Cell Cycle Regulation.” Accessed June 23, 2020. Phases Of the Cell Cycle (article) khanacademy/science/biology/cellular-molecular-biology/stem-cells-and-cancer/e/cell- cycle-regulation.
Fowler, Samantha, Rebecca Roush, and James Wise. Concepts of Biology. OpenStax Rice University, 2013.
Prepared by: SUZZETH U. DIZON, MBio Master Teacher I – Caloocan City Science High School
General Biology Week 4 - MODULES SHS
Course: BSE Science
University: University of Caloocan City
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