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EAPP Qtr-4 Week-1-1 - English for Academic Purposes
English Grammar (Eng101)
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Republic of the Philippines
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
Region I
Schools Division Office I Pangasinan
Pangasinan National High School
Lingayen, Pangasinan
MINI LECTURE AND ACTIVITY SHEETS
IN ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC AND
PROFESSIONAL PURPOSES
QUARTER 4 , WEEK 1
MELCs:
1. Analyzes the arguments used by the writer/s in manifestoes CS_EN11/12A-EAPPIIa-d- 3
2. Defends a stand on an issue by presenting reasonable arguments supported by properly cited
factual evidences CS_EN11/12A-EAPPIIa-d- 4
Objectives:
1. Identify the different categories of manifestoes
2. Infer meaning from the arguments
3. Determine different kinds of logical fallacy
4. Identify factors on authenticity and validity of evidences/information
5. Present reasonable arguments and factual evidences to defend a stand
Prepared by:
AILEEN F. MANUEL
Teacher II, SHS
LESSON 1: ANALYZES THE ARGUMENTS USED BY THE WRITER/S IN
MANIFESTOES
Reading latest articles such as those that are printed on newspapers and even those that are shown on the television is a must- to- do thing that you should be concerned of because it helps you be acquainted with what is happening around you. This might give you knowledge on the present societal and political issues such as the dispute between the government and the leftist and the updates about the COVID- 19 Pandemic. It might also give you an idea on the updates about the trends in literature and the arts. Also, official statements of essential individuals in our society must also be given consideration. But how would we know that you are reading the right thing? It is where you need to learn about Manifesto. Have you ever heard about a manifesto? Manifesto is a document publicly declaring the position or program of its issuer. It advances a set of ideas, opinions, or views but it can also lay out a plan of action. While it can address any topic, it most often concerns art, literature, or politics. Manifesto are generally written in the name of a group sharing a common perspective, ideology, or purpose rather than in the name of a single individual. Table 1. Major Categories of Manifesto according to FIRSTPOST Major Categories of Manifesto CHARACTERISTICS
- Goal A goal can be a manifesto when we share it with other people. It’s public, it’s a declaration and it’s about what one intends to have happened. Note: A manifesto could be in this category if the goal (something beautiful and acceptable to everyone) is shared to reader for them to appreciate and eventually to believe in the arguments presented.
- List and Rules A manifesto containing set of rules for behaving within a specific context or a list of items to be achieved or tasks to be fulfilled. Note: The manifesto sets the rules (bulleted information) on how to do things in a specific situation.
- World This type of manifesto aims to create a new world. It’s not about simple rules, instead, it presents a vision for the future. A solemn declaration by the constituted authorities of a nation which contains the reason for its public acts towards another. On the declaration of war, a manifesto is usually issued in which the nation declaring war states the reasons for so doing. Note: It is only a manifesto under world if the declaration is done by an authority or authorized group to do the declaration and if it envisions change in the future. If you are going to notice the underlined words from the characteristics of the different categories of manifesto, the common thing about them is that a MANIFESTO or the writer of a manifesto, aims for a CHANGE in state or in other words, the author is trying to convince the reader to believe the concept that he/she is trying to convey by giving arguments or logical reasons that will catch the attention of the reader and eventually believing it. How are these changes carried out with just the use of written words? It is when the author provides reasons accompanied with evidences to prove the belief, they wanted the reader to believe in or the so- called arguments. As a reader, the challenge however lies on how will you understand the meaning that the author or writer wanted you to know.
because it is not proven to be false, and vice versa killer and his sister, so there must be none. 2. Slippery Slope Occurs when a series of increasingly superficial and unacceptable consequences is drawn If we ban computer shops, then students will not be able to do research. And if they do not have tools for research, these students will fail their subjects. 3. Appeal to Force Occurs when a threat, instead of reasoning is used to argue If you do not admit that evolution is not real, we will isolate you from the group. 4. Appeal to Pity Occurs when the element of pity is used instead of logical reasoning Please do not fire me for being absent all month; I have a sick mother and a special child to support. 5. Bandwagon Occurs when an argument is considered to be valid because it is what the majority thinks Most Filipinas want to have fair skin because they think they look beautiful. Therefore, having fair skin must be the real standard of beauty. 6. Attacking the Person Occurs when someone tries to refute an argument by attacking the character of a person instead of attacking the ideas of the argument I cannot accept your argument because, unlike me, you were not educated at Harvard University. 7. Appeal to Authority Occurs when the argument quotes an expert who’s not qualified in the particular subject matter Bill Gates, the co-founder of Microsoft, recommends the effective fabric softening properties of Downy fabric softener. 8. Anonymous Authority The authority in question is not mentioned or named Experts claim that eating peanuts causes pimples. 9. Hasty Generalization Occurs when a sample is not significant enough to support a generalization about a population Martha, the foreigner from France is very impolite. French people are mean and rude. 10. Post Hoc It is an informal fallacy that states: “Since event A followed event B, event A must have been caused by event B.” Dina saw cat when they went home. Along the way, they crashed into a tree. The black cat must be the reason why they met an accident. Warning: Do not use these kinds of logical fallacies when you defend your stand. It weakens your arguments. So, what are the things that you have to do in order to refrain from these fallacies? Study the next topic. B. FACTORS ON AUTHENTICITY AND VALIDITY OF EVIDENCES/INFORMATION While there is a wealth of information found in various sources electronically or non-electronically, you should also keep in mind that not all of these pieces of information are accurate, relevant, valid or credible. Hence, it is important to evaluate sources of information that you plan to include in your academic writing venture. Note: There is always a risk that the sources taken from the Internet or anywhere else have biased or incorrect information, so you have to evaluate and filter your sources before using them. The following are some of the criteria assessing whether the source is suitable to use for academic purposes. The criteria include relevance, authority, currency, contents and location of sources.
- Relevance of the Source ● How well does the source support your stand? ● You can check the title, table of contents, summary, introduction or headings of the text to have a sense of its content.
- Authority/Author’s Qualifications ● Is the author’s name identified? ● Is the author’s background, education or training related to the topic? ● If the source does not have an author, think twice before using it. ● Legitimate academic texts must include citations. Citations demonstrate that the writer has thoroughly researched the topic and is not plagiarizing the material.
- Currency/Date of Publication ● What is the date of the publication? ● In most fields, the data from the older publications may no longer be valid. As much as possible, the date pf publication should be at most five years earlier.
- Contents/Accuracy of Information ● Does the author have a lot of citations in his or her text and/or bibliography or works cited section? ● You do not want to use source that is disputable, so make sure to verify your findings with multiple sources.
- Location of Sources
● Where was the source published? Was it published digitally or in print?
● Is it a book, an academic journal or a reputable news source as nytimes or economist?
● Does it provide complete publication information such as author/s, editor/s, title, date of publication and
publisher?
● What is the URL of the website?
● Avoid using blogs or personal homepage and wiki sites (Wikipedia, Wiktionary, Wikiquotes)
● If the URL includes the top-level domain .edu, then that means that it has been published by an academic
institution such as university
● Common URLs include .gov (government), .org (organizations), .com (commercial sites) and .net (network
infrastructures). In academic writing, reputable sites are those with .edu, .gov, .net and .org in URL.
Pieces of evidence to strengthen the author’s claims:
a. Evidence from surveys, library research and experiments
b. Evidence from informant interviews (those who have direct experience related to the problem/issue
c. Evidence from expert interviews
Note: Aside from your claim/argument, you have to discuss counter arguments. These are the arguments
opposing a stand.
Study the example using the guide questions:
Guide Questions:
- What is the topic?
- What is the stand of the writer?
- Look at the explanation and evidence. Are there any connections?
- How did the writer show the conclusion
EAPP Qtr-4 Week-1-1 - English for Academic Purposes
Course: English Grammar (Eng101)
University: University of Negros Occidental-Recoletos
