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Theories of Motor Control
Bachelor of Science in Physical Therapy (50-500802)
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Theories of Motor Control
Assumptions Clinical Implications Limitations
Reflex Theory - Sherrington
“Peripheralist”
Reflexes are basis for all mvmt
External stimulus leads to mvmt
Nervous System – triggers, coordinates, & activates muscles
Use sensory input to control motor output
Stimulate good reflexes
Inhibit undesirable (primitive) reflexes
Relies heavily on feedback
Reflex can’t be basic unit of behavior
Doesn’t explain fast mvmts
Doesn’t explain how single stimulus results in varying responses.
Doesn’t explain voluntary mvmts.
Hierarchical Theory - JH Jackson
“Centralist”
“Top-Down” unidirectional flow
Voluntary mvmts initiated by “will” (higher levels)
Reflexive mvmts dominate only after CNS damage.
Identify & prevent primitive reflexes
Reduce hyperactive stretch
Normalize tone
Facilitate “normal” mvmt patterns
DEVELOPMENTAL SEQUENCE
Recapitulation
Doesn’t explain dominance of reflexive behaviors in normal adults
Everyone’s developmental pattern is diff.
Hands-on approach pt may become very passive
Systems Theory - Bernstein
Goal-directed behavior (Task Oriented)
Synergies to master redundant degrees of freedom
Feedback (closed loop)
Identifiable, functional tasks
Practice under a variety of conditions
Modify environmental contexts
Very broad – many diff. systems
Doesn’t focus as heavily on the interaction of the organism w/ the environment.
Motor Programming
Theory
Central Motor Pattern – motor response w/o sensory stimulus/reflex
Central pattern generators (CPGs) – spinal motor programs that can produce mvmt w/o cortical or sensory input
Higher-level motor programs – store rules for generating mvmts.
Abnormal mvmt – not just reflexive, also including abnormalities in central pattern generators or higher level motor programs.
Help pts relearn the correct rules for action
Retrain mvmts important to fxn’al task
Do not just reeducate muscles in isolation
Not intended to replace importance of sensory input in controlling mvmt
Central motor program can’t be sole determinant of action
Doesn’t explain nervous sys. dealing w/ both musculoskeletal & environment variables
Dynamical Action
Theory
New mvmt emerges 2o to change in control parameter.
De-emphasize commands from CNS in controlling mvmt and emphasize physical explanations for mvmt
Attractor state – preferred pattern (vice-versa)
Deeper attractor well more stable pattern
Stable patterns become more variable prior to transition to new mvmt pattern.
Mvmt is an emergent property from the interaction of multiple elements.
Understand the physical & dynamic properties of the body
i.) Velocity- important for dynamics of mvmt. May be good to encourage faster mvmt in pts to produce momentum and therefore help weak pts move w/ greater ease.
Nervous sys. has unimportant role
Presumption that the relationship b/w the physical sys. & environment determines behavior.
Ecological Theory - James Gibson
Perception-action system
Perception focuses on detecting information in the environment that will support the actions necessary to achieve the goal.
Help pt explore multiple ways in achieving fxn’al task discovering best solution for pt, given the set of limitations
Gives less emphasis on nervous sys.
Theories of Motor Control
Course: Bachelor of Science in Physical Therapy (50-500802)
University: University of Perpetual Help System DALTA
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