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Introduction to Biochemistry and Its Pioneers

A very informative material about the introduction to biochemistry and...
Course

organic- bio chemistry (CHEM153L)

145 Documents
Students shared 145 documents in this course
Academic year: 2021/2022
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Xavier University - Ateneo de Cagayan

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BIOCHEMISTRY LECTURE

I. INTRODUCTION

Biochemistry is the language of biology. - Tools for research in all the branches of medical science are based on principles of biochemistry. - The study of biochemistry is essential to understand basic functions of the body. - the demarcation of abnormal from normal constituents of the body is another aim of the study of clinical biochemistry.

Biochemical Perspective to Medicine ● The word <chemistry= is derived from the Greek word "chemi" (the black land) ● Biochemistry was coined by Neubergin 1903 from Greek words, bios (life) and chymos (juice) BIO + CHEMISTRY = BIOCHEMISTRY ● Biochemistry is perhaps the most rapidly developing subject in medicine. - Advent of DNA-recombination technology, genes can now be transferred from one person to another, so that many of the genetically determined diseases are now amenable to gene therapy

❖ Biochemistry - science concerned with the chemical basis of life. - STUDY OF THE STRUCTURE, COMPOSITION, AND CHEMICAL REACTIONS OF SUBSTANCES IN LIVING SYSTEMS. - is the application of the principles and methods of chemistry to the field of biology and physiology. Cell Biology

  • branch of biology dealing with the study of cells, especially their formation, structure, components, and function.

Molecular Biology - branch of biology that deals with the structure and function of the macromolecules (e., proteins and nucleic acids) essential to life.

Molecular Genetics - branch of genetics that deal with the structure and function of genes at a molecular level.

Biomolecules ❖ 99% of the human body is 6 elements, i. oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus ❖ Human body is composed of about 60% water, 15% proteins, 15% lipids, 2% carbohydrates and 8% minerals. ❖ Major complex biomolecules are Proteins, Polysaccharides, Lipids and Nucleic acids

PIONEERS OF BIOCHEMISTRY

1. Karl Scheele - Swedish founder of biochemistry. He studied the chemical composition of matter in mid 1700. 2. CARL NEWBERG - A German chemist who coined the word chemistry 3. EMBDEN AND MAYERHOFF - Described the glycolytic pathway in 1925 4. PAUL BOYER AND J. WALKER - Discovered the <rotary engine= that generated ATP in 1997 5. DANISH J. SKOU - Studied the <pump= that drives sodium and potassium across membranes 6. H. Rouelle - isolated urea from urine ❖ Urea - Known also as carbamide - is the principal non-protein constituent of the blood and the urine 7. Lavoisier ( Father of MODERN CHEMISTRY) - oxidation of food stuffs - Discover the role oxygen plays in combustion - recognized and named OXYGEN and HYDROGEN 8. FRIEDRICH WOHLER ( Father of Organic Chemistry ) - Synthesis of urea 9. Jons Jacob Berzelius - Enzyme catalysis theory ❖ Enzymes are proteins that increase rate of chemical reactions converting substrate into product. ❖ Catalyst - substances that increase or decrease the rate of a chemical reaction but remain unchanged ❖ Enzymes act as catalysts. 10. Louis Pasteur ( Father of Microbiology ) - Fermentation Process 11. Edward Buchner - Extracted enzymes ❖ ZYMASE - first isolated enzymes form the yeast 12. Fiske & Subbarro - Isolated ATP from muscle ❖ ATP - primary carrier of energy in cells. ❖ Phosphocreatine - serves as a rapidly mobilizable reserve of high-energy phosphates in skeletal muscle, myocardium and the brain 13. Karl Lohmann - Creatine phosphate ❖ Phosphocreatine - helps make a substance called adenosinetriphosphate (ATP). ATP provides the energy for muscle contractions.

IMPORTANCE OF BIOCHEMISTRY

Three areas of study in Biochemistry: 1. Conformational - structure of conformation of biological molecules-DNA, RNA and protein transfer of information 2. Metabolism - Energy production and utilization - Metabolism and the metabolic aspects of cellular communication 3. Informational - Language for communication inside and between the cells

PHYSIOLOGY ● Biochemistry helps one understand the biochemical changes and related physiological changes alteration in the body, Pathology of any disease is studied through biochemical changes.

PATHOLOGY ● Based on the symptoms by the patient, the physician can get clue on the biochemical changes and the associated disorder/s

HORMONAL DEFICIENCY ● The formation , role of hormones in the normal body function is taught in biochemistry by which the physician can understand the concerned problem during the treatment.

NUTRITION DEFICIENCY ● In the present scenario, many people rely in taking multivitamin and minerals for better health. The function and the role of vitamin in the body is described by biochemistry

IMPORTANCE OF BIOCHEMISTRY TO NUTRITION ● In nutrition, biochemistry describes the food chemistry. ● Food chemistry gives an idea of what we eat ● The role of nutrients: Due to biochemistry the importance of vitamins, minerals, essential fatty acids, their contribution to health were known. ● The nutrients value of food material can also be determined by biochemical tests. ● The physician can prescribe to limit usage of certain food like excess sugar for diabetics, excess oil for heart & lung problem prone patients etc.

IMPORTANCE OF BIOCHEMISTRY TO PHARMACY ● Drug Constitution: Biochemistry gives an idea of the constitution of the drug, its chances of degradation with varying temperature etc. ● The half-life: This is a test done on biochemical drugs to know how long a drug is stable when kept at temperature. ● Drug storage: The storage condition required can be estimated by the biochemical test. ● Drug metabolism: It also gives an idea of how drug molecules are metabolized by many biochemical reactions in presence of enzymes. ● Biochemical tests: These tests help fix the specific half-life or date of expiry of drugs.

IMPORTANCE OF BIOCHEMISTRY IN NURSING

● Biochemistry is of great use within the field of nursing, with many practical applications that can assist you in becoming a better nurse. ● Using biochemistry can be helpful in the nursing profession, allowing nurses to determine how much medicine should be prescribed or given to each patient they encounter. ● Knowing the chemical components and reactions of drugs to the human body and mixing the said drugs. ● Kidney function test: - For example in kidney disorders, other chemotherapy treatment etc urine test help understand the extent of excretion of drugs or other metabolites, the change in pH, the color of urine etc. ● Blood test: In diabetes, biochemical analytical test for blood glucose level (above 150mg/ deciliter) helps one understand the severity of diabetes disorder. ● Another biochemical test for ketones bodies in urine also indicates the stage of diabetes. The appearance of ketone bodies or ketone urea is mostly the last stage of diabetes. ● Liver function tests help understand the type of disease or damage to the liver, the effect of any medication on the liver etc. ● Serum cholesterol test: Evaluation of blood cholesterol level and other lipoproteins helps understand the proneness of the patient to cardiovascular diseases.

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Introduction to Biochemistry and Its Pioneers

Course: organic- bio chemistry (CHEM153L)

145 Documents
Students shared 145 documents in this course

University: Xavier University - Ateneo de Cagayan

Was this document helpful?
BIOCHEMISTRY LECTURE
I. INTRODUCTION
Biochemistry is the language of biology.
- Tools for research in all the branches of medical science are based on principles
of biochemistry.
- The study of biochemistry is essential to understand basic functions of the body.
- the demarcation of abnormal from normal constituents of the body is another aim
of the study of clinical biochemistry.
Biochemical Perspective to Medicine
● The word <chemistry= is derived from the Greek word "chemi" (the black land)
● Biochemistry was coined by Neubergin 1903 from Greek words, bios (life) and chymos
(juice)
BIO + CHEMISTRY = BIOCHEMISTRY
● Biochemistry is perhaps the most rapidly developing subject in medicine.
- Advent of DNA-recombination technology, genes can now be transferred from
one person to another, so that many of the genetically determined diseases are
now amenable to gene therapy
❖Biochemistry - science concerned with the chemical basis of life.
- STUDY OF THE STRUCTURE, COMPOSITION, AND CHEMICAL
REACTIONS OF SUBSTANCES IN LIVING SYSTEMS.
- is the application of the principles and methods of chemistry to the field
of biology and physiology.
Cell Biology
- branch of biology dealing with the study of cells, especially their formation, structure,
components, and function.
Molecular Biology
- branch of biology that deals with the structure and function of the macromolecules
(e.g., proteins and nucleic acids) essential to life.
Molecular Genetics
- branch of genetics that deal with the structure and function of genes at a molecular
level.
Biomolecules
❖99% of the human body is 6 elements, i.e. oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium
and phosphorus
❖Human body is composed of about 60% water, 15% proteins, 15% lipids, 2%
carbohydrates and 8% minerals.
❖Major complex biomolecules are Proteins, Polysaccharides, Lipids and Nucleic acids

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