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1. Critical Reader and Writing

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Course

computer science (comp1212)

18 Documents
Students shared 18 documents in this course
Academic year: 2017/2018
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Manipal Academy of Higher Education United Arab Emirates

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Critical Reader and Writing

Chapter 2: Critical Thinking

What is critical thinking?

It is general term given to a wide range of cognitive skills and intellectual dispositions needed to effectively identify, analyze and evaluate arguments and truth claims; to discover and overcome personal preconceptions and biases; to formulate and present convincing reasons in support of conclusions; and to make reasonable, intelligent decisions about what to believe and what to do.

Standards of Critical Thinking:

  1. Clarity: making things easier to understand and clear.
  2. Precision: detailed and careful information.
  3. Accuracy: No errors in information and is absolute.
  4. Relevance: Can be reliable, trustworthy and be dependent on.
  5. Consistency: unchanging.
    • Two common types: a. Logic inconsistency: irrational; believing two things that can’t be simultaneously true. b. Practical inconsistency: hypocrisy; saying one thing and doing another.
  6. Logic Correctness: correct reasoning and logical information.
  7. Completeness: deep explored view on the topic.
  8. Fairness: open-minded about topics and views; non-bias.

The Benefits of Critical Thinking:

a. Can help students do better in school by improving their ability to understand, construct and criticize. b. Can help people succeed in their career by improving their ability to solve problems, think creatively, and communicate their ideas clearly and effectively. c. Reduce the likelihood of making serious mistakes in important person decisions. d. Critically evaluating, understanding argument and beliefs of others. e. Developing and defending one’s own well-supported arguments and beliefs.

Barriers To critical Thinking:

  1. Lack of relevant background information.

  2. Poor reading skills.

  3. Bias.

  4. Prejudice.

  5. Superstition

  6. Egocentrism: (self-centered thinking).

  7. Sociocentrism: (group-centered thinking).

  8. Peer pressure.

  9. Conformism

  10. Provincialism: (narrow, unsophisticated thinking).

  11. Narrow-mindedness and closed mindedness.

  12. Distrust in reason

  13. Relativistic thinking.

  14. Stereotyping

  15. Unwarranted assumptions

  16. Scapegoating (blaming the innocent).

  17. Rationalization (inventing excuses to avoid facing our real motives).

  18. Denial

  19. Wishful thinking

  20. Short-term thinking

  21. Selective perception

  22. Selective memory

  23. Overpowering emotions

  24. Self-deception

  25. Fear of change

  26. Face-saving (maintaining a good self-image).

Egocentrism:

The tendency to see reality as centered on oneself. They are selfish, self-absorbed people who view their interests, ideas and values as superior to everyone else’s.

Two common forms:

a. Self-interested thinking: tendency to accept and defend beliefs that harmonize with one’s self-interest. b. Superiority bias: tendency to overrate oneself – to see oneself as better in some respect than one is.

Sociocentrism:

A group-centered thinking.

Two common forms:

a. Group bias: tendency to see one’s group as being inherently better than others. Example: Americans think America is the greatest country. b. Conformism: tendency to follow the crowd – to conform (unthinkably) to authority or to a group of standards and beliefs. The desire to belong, to be part of the in-group, can be among the most powerful of human motivations.

Unwarranted Assumptions and Stereotypes:

An assumption is something we take granted for, something we believe to be true without proof or conclusive evidence.

An unwarranted assumption is something taken for granted without good reason. It prevents our seeing things clearly.

Common type of unwarranted assumption is stereotype. It arrives at a process of hasty generalization, to draw a conclusion over a large class of things from a small sample known.

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1. Critical Reader and Writing

Course: computer science (comp1212)

18 Documents
Students shared 18 documents in this course

University: Jumeira University

Was this document helpful?
Critical Reader and Writing
Chapter 2: Critical Thinking
What is critical thinking?
It is general term given to a wide range of cognitive skills and intellectual dispositions needed to
effectively identify, analyze and evaluate arguments and truth claims; to discover and overcome
personal preconceptions and biases; to formulate and present convincing reasons in support of
conclusions; and to make reasonable, intelligent decisions about what to believe and what to do.
Standards of Critical Thinking:
1. Clarity: making things easier to understand and clear.
2. Precision: detailed and careful information.
3. Accuracy: No errors in information and is absolute.
4. Relevance: Can be reliable, trustworthy and be dependent on.
5. Consistency: unchanging.
- Two common types:
a. Logic inconsistency: irrational; believing two things that can’t be
simultaneously true.
b. Practical inconsistency: hypocrisy; saying one thing and doing another.
6. Logic Correctness: correct reasoning and logical information.
7. Completeness: deep explored view on the topic.
8. Fairness: open-minded about topics and views; non-bias.
The Benefits of Critical Thinking:
a. Can help students do better in school by improving their ability to understand, construct and
criticize.
b. Can help people succeed in their career by improving their ability to solve problems, think
creatively, and communicate their ideas clearly and effectively.
c. Reduce the likelihood of making serious mistakes in important person decisions.
d. Critically evaluating, understanding argument and beliefs of others.
e. Developing and defending one’s own well-supported arguments and beliefs.
Barriers To critical Thinking:
1. Lack of relevant background information.
2. Poor reading skills.
3. Bias.
4. Prejudice.
5. Superstition
6. Egocentrism: (self-centered thinking).
7. Sociocentrism: (group-centered thinking).
8. Peer pressure.
9. Conformism
10. Provincialism: (narrow, unsophisticated thinking).
11. Narrow-mindedness and closed mindedness.
12. Distrust in reason
13. Relativistic thinking.

Students also viewed

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