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ABPD2103Personality Sept 2015 Padlyalpattani
Accounting and finance
Kyambogo University
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Accounting and finance - 10/12/2024Preview text
FAKULTI SAINS SOSIAL GUNAAN (FASS)
SEPTEMBER 2015
PERSONALITY
By
Padlyalpattani
Content:-
1 Introduction. 2 Factors that influence the development of human personality. 1. Heredity 2. Psychological factors 3. Environment i. Physical Environment. ii. Social Environment. iii. Family Environment. iv. Cultural Environment. v. School Environment. 3 Continuity and Contrast in Social Identity. 1. Continuity. i) Gender Identity. ii) Ethnic and National Identities. 2. Contrast i) Cognitive Aspects. ii) Emotional and Motivational Aspects. iii) Behavioral Aspects. 4 Identify your personality is different from others.
1 Introduction.
What does it mean when people say you have a nice or bad personality? Personality is a mirror of what you do and say. Essentially, your personality defines who are you. Your behaviour reflects your personality and informs how different you are from others. A common saying in field of personality psychology is; “Some things change; some things stay the same.” According to Allport (1961), “Personality is a dynamic organisation, inside the person, of psychophysical systems that create the person’s characteristic patterns of thoughts, feelings and behaviors.” The continuities, consistencies and stabilities of personality traits and dispositions over time define personality development (Larsen & Buss, 2008).
Social identity is a part of human personality. Social identity is about how you present yourself to others. Social identity is a theory formed by Henri Tajfel and John Turner to understand the psychological basis of intergroup discrimination. Social identity is the self that is show to other people. This is the part of ourselves that we use to create an impression, to let other people know who we are and what they can expect from us. Tajfel (1979) proposed that the groups (for examples, social class, family, study group) which people belonged to were an important source of pride and self-esteem. Groups gives us a sense of social identity: a sense of belonging to the social world. Therefore we divided the world into “them’ and ‘us’ based through a process of social categorization. Social identity theory states that the in-group will discriminate against the out-group to enhance their self-image. Tajfel and Turner (1979) proposed that there are three mental processes involved in evaluating others as “us” or “them”. There are social categorization, social identification and social comparison.
Identity has an element of continuity because many of its aspects such as gender and ethnicity are constant which means that people can count on you to be the same person tomorrow as you are today. Contrast means that your social identity differentiates you from other people. An identify is what makes you unique in the eyes of others. Identity develops over time through relations with others. For many
people, the development of an identity follows a period of experimentation, but for others it happens more easily by adopting ready-made social roles. We will further discuss how people develop their identity by choosing what they like to call attention to about themselves in their self-identities.
2 Factors that influence the development of human personality.
What is thing we call personality? “ The characteristics or blend of characteristics that make a person unique.” (Weinberg & Gould, 1999). An individual’s personality is the complex of mental characteristics that makes them unique from other people. It includes all of the patterns of thought and emotions that cause us to do and say things in particular ways. At a basic level, personality is expressed through our temperament or emotional tone. However personality also colors our values, beliefs, and expectations. There are many potential factors that are involved in shaping a personality. Research by psychologists over the last several decades has increasingly pointed to hereditary factors being more important, specially for basic personality traits such as emotional tone. However, the acquisition of values, beliefs, and expectations seem to be due more to socialization and unique experiences, especially during childhood.
- Heredity Hereditary factors may be summed as constitutional biological and physiological factors. The constitution of an individual is an effective factor in determining the type of his personality. There are be three types of personality; short and stout, tall and thin, and muscular and well proportioned. Height, weight, physical defects, health and strength affect personality and contribute to personality development do so as a result of interactions with the particular social environment in which people live. For instance, your genetically inherited physical has an impact on how others see you and subsequently, how you see yourself. These largely hereditary factors are likely to cause you to feel that you are nice-looking, ugly, or just adequate.
i. Physical Environment.
It includes the influence of climatic conditions of a particular area or country on man and his living.
ii. Social Environment.
The child has his birth in the society. He learns and lives there. Hence, the social environment has an important say in the personality development of the child.
iii. Family Environment.
The family is the first context for a child entering the physical world. Within the family, the child learns language, skills, social and moral values of their culture (Berk, 2005). Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological theory viewed the family as a network of interdependent relationships where each member influencing the behaviour of the other, in direct and indirect ways. Within this network, the children themselves have a significant influence. This perspective looks beyond the ages and stages of child development to the large context in which children grow (Gordon & Browne, 2004). Lev Vygotsky (1896-1934) described learning as the construction of knowledge within a social context and development could not be separated from its social context. The type of training and early childhood experiences received from the family play an important role in the development of personality.
iv. Cultural Environment.
The cultural environment refers to certain cultural traditions, ideas, and values which are accepted in a particular society. For example, in a culture where a sport such football is played early and very competitively, a parent’s assessment of a child’s physical abilities may be linked to performance on the football field. Thus latter all these factors leave a permanent impression on the child’s personality.
v. School Environment. School play an important role in molding the personality of the children because a significant part of a child’s life is spent in school between the ages of six and twenty years. In the school, the teacher substitutes te parents. The school poses new problems to be solved, new taboos to be accepted into the superego and new models for imitation and identification, all of which contribute their share in molding personality.
In addition to the above there are many other social factors which influence the development of personality of child which are as follow:-
a) Language Human being have a distinctive characteristic of communication through language. Language is an important vehicle by which the society is structured and culture of the race transmitted from generation to generation. b) Social Role The child has to play several roles like son, brother, student, husband or farther throughout his life at rent stages of his development. Social roles may be described as process by which the co-operative behaviour and communications among the society members are facilitated. c) Self-Concept/Self-Schema/Self-esteem/Self-discrepancies/Self- Regulation
/Self-Efficacy/Self-Awareness. The above are several aspects of self-knowledge which influence our personality development.
Gene play an important role in determining the predispositions of an individual. Scientists have made significant breakthroughs in their understanding of the relationship between genes and human behaviour. Many acknowledge that
question of ‘who am I’, but social identity can not be formed unless a person assesses the question of ‘who am I’ in relation to another. When a person assumes the identity of a group, he will work towards maintaining the identity of that group or community (Martin, 2002).
Social identity is the self that is shown to other people. This is the part of ourselves that we use to create an impression, to let other people know who we are and they can expect from us. Social identity is different from self-concept because identity contains elements that are socially observable, publicly available outward expressions of the self. Identity has two important features: continuity and contrast.
- Continuity means that people can depend on you to be the same person tomorrow as you are today. Obviously, people change but many important aspects of social identity remain relatively stable such as gender, ethnicity, nationality, and sex orientation. To understand more about the nature of social identity in particularly on continuity concept , let us consider two identities in more detail: gender, and ethnicity and nationality
i) Gender Identity.
Most typically as a man or woman is one of the most frequently mentioned identities when people are asked to describe themselves, and it is also one of the categories most often used by others to describe us. It is perhaps not surprising that a great many meanings and implications are associated with gender. Personality traits ( for example, being competitive or being aware of the feelings of others), role behaviors (for example, taking care of children or assuming leadership roles), physical characteristics (for example, having broad shoulders or a soft voice), and a host of other associations can be linked to gender categories. As the same time, many investigators believe that it is not useful to think of gender as a single social category. Rather, many have argued for a concept of gendered identities, which recognizes the multiple social identities that may be influenced by one’s gender. As noted earlier, both occupations (for example, nurse) and relationships (for example, wife) often have gender implications.
Thus, in adopting a perspective of gendered identities, one acknowledges that social identities can intersect and overlap with one another. ii) Ethnic and National Identities. For many people, ethnicity is a central element of self-definition and becomes an important social identity. In the past, social scientists categorized human beings in terms of basic racial categories, such as Asian, Caucasian, and Negroid. With increasing awareness of the arbitrary nature of the social construction of race, more common today is categorization on the basic of ethnicity, defined in terms of culture, language, and country of origin. Like gender, the analysis of ethnic and national identity is more complex that it sometimes first seems.
- Contrast means that your social identity differentiates you from other people. An identity is what makes you unique in the eyes of others. Identity develops over time through relations with others. There are periods in life when some people undergo identity crises and have to redefine their social identities. According to Erikson (1968), coined the phrase identity crisis meaning the feeling of anxiety that accompany efforts to define or redefine one’s own individuality and social reputation. For most people, the process of going through an identity crisis is an important and memorable phase of life. Psychologist Roy Baumeister suggests that there are two distinct types of identity crisis that is identity deficit and identity conflict (Baumeister, 1986). A social identity is first of all a label or a category a way of grouping a number of people together on the basic of some shared features. Beyond the labeling, however, social identity has many more implications, both for the person as individual and for others who see them as members of particular categories or groups. Thus the category label can in a sense be considered the frame for a painting that is rich in cognitive beliefs, emotional associations, and behavioral consequences. i) Cognitive Aspects.
thoughts and human feelings. Yet in other ways we are all completely different and unique. No two people are truly alike. No two people can ever have the same experience of life, the same perspective, the mind. The development of the beliefs, moods, and behaviors that differentiate among people. Contemporary theorists emphasize personality traits having to do with individualism internalized conscience, sociability with strangers, the ability to control emotion and impulse, and personal achievement. There are five different hypotheses regarding the early origins of personality. One assumes that the child’s inherited biology, usually called a temperamental bias. It is an important basic for child’s later personality. Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess suggested there were nine temperamental dimensions along with three synthetic types they called the difficult child, the easy child, and the child who is slow to warm up to unfamiliarity. Longitudinal studies of children suggest that a shy and fearful style of reacting to challenge and introverted in mood. A second hypothesis regarding personality development comes from Sigmund Freud’s suggestion that variation in the sexual and aggressive aims of the id, which is biological in nature, combined with family experience, leads to the development of the ego and superego. Freud suggested that differences in parental socialization produced variation in anxiety which, in turn, leads to different personalities. A third set of hypotheses emphasizes direct social experiences with parents. After World War II, Americans and Europeans held the more benevolent idealistic conception of the child that described growth as motivated by affectionate ties to others rather than by the narcissism and hostility implied by Freud’s writing. John Bowlby contributed to this new emphasis on the infant’s relationships with parents in his books on attachment. Bowlby argued that the nature of the infant’s relationship to the caretakers and especially the mother created a profile of emotional reactions toward adults that might last indefinitely. A forth source of ideas for personalty centers on whether or not is necessary to posit a self that monitors, integrates, and initiates reaction. This idea traces itself
to the Judeo-Christian assumption that it is necessary to award children a will so they could be held responsible for their action. The notion that each child imposes a personal interpretation to their experiences makes the concept of self critical to the child’s personality. A final source of hypotheses comes from inferences based on direct observations of a child’s behavior. This strategy, which relies on induction, focuses on different characteristics at different ages. Infants differ in irritability, three year olds differ in shyness, and six year olds differ in seriousness of mood. A major problem with this approach is that each class o behavior can have different historical antecedents. Children who prefer to play alone rather than with others do so for a variety of reasons. Children might be temperamentally shy and uneasy with other children while others might prefer solitary activity.
5 Conclusion.
In addition to the long-term shifts in social identities, which develop overtime and often change quite slowly, the expression of social identities can fluctuate considerably. If we assume that people have multiple social identities, each of which may be characterized by distinct attributes and behaviors, then we need to consider the ways in which people may shift from one identity to another. Such fluctuations in identity, rather than evidence of instability or whimsy, provide evidence of the ways in which people respond to their environment and can make choices that seem most appropriate to that setting. In short, social identity is, as the term suggests, an inherently social phenomenon that must be understood as a product of both individual and contextual-historical forces. On the other hand, although to study individual differences seems to be study variance, how are people different, it is also to study central tendency, how well can a person be described in terms of an overall within-person average. Indeed, perhaps the most important question of individual differences is weather people are more similar to themselves over time and across time and situations than they
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ABPD2103Personality Sept 2015 Padlyalpattani
Course: Accounting and finance
University: Kyambogo University
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- More from:Accounting and financeKyambogo University88 Documents
