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How Science Works, Why Science Works (HSI1000)
National University of Singapore
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Strengths and Improvement Opportunities HSI1000 L01 Quiz 20230112 Attempt 02 Course: 2220 HSI1000 • Instructor: Mr - NUS CIT • Questions: 5
90%
My Score (4/5) QUESTION CORRECT INCORRECT PARTIAL CREDIT POINTS 1 Select from the list below the least significant impact the steam engine had on the industrial revolution. Thesteam engine A: .. goods to be transported to where they were needed far more efficiently. B: .. machines to produce goods far more effectively and efficiently than by hand. C: .. improved the drilling and extraction of oil in oil wells for use in engines. D: .. improved the effectiveness of mining operations, particularly coal. E: .. contributed to increasing food production and distribution. 1/ 2 Select from the list below experimentally observed anomalies detected during the scientific revolution thatbrought into serious question the Aristotelian view of the heavens and the Earth s place in the universe. A: Copernicus’ idea of a sun centred solar system. B: Observed irregularities in the orbit of the planet Uranus. C: Observed precession of the orbit of Mercury. D: The sun had sunspots and indicated it was rotating. E: The moon was bumpy and cratered looking like there were mountains on it. 1/ 3 Dr Semmelweis noted that Dr Kolletschka died from what appeared to be puerperal fever after being pricked by ascalpel being used by a student doctor while he was assisting in performing an autopsy. Which two roles does this observation best play in the scientific method? A: It allowed Dr Semmelweis to distinguish between what was fact and what was conjecture. B: It allowed Dr Semmelweis to focus in or what are the relevant facts and phenomena in his investigation. C: It ensured that Dr Semmelweis’ earlier observations were not contaminated by expectation of belief. D: It proved to Dr Semmelweis that he had not overlooked anything in the course of his investigation. E: It provided Dr Semmelweis a clue as to what might be a possible explanation. 1/ 4 Choose from below, (i) what was the important comparative observation Dr Semmelweis made in his scientificinvestigation of puerperal fever, and (ii) the best reason why this observation was critical to his investigation. A: Dr Kolletschka died from what appeared to be puerperal fever after being pricked by a scalpel being used by a student doctor while he was assisting in performing an autopsy. B: He noticed that the rate of deaths of mothers due to puerperal fever was much higher in his maternity clinic after checking the rate of deaths of mothers in the clinic attended by midwives. C: It alerted him to the fact that it should be possible to significantly reduce the mortality rate of mothers in his clinic. D: It indicated to him that doctors should wash their hands before attending to mothers in his maternity clinic. E: It indicated to him that puerperal fever was somehow linked to the anatomical pathology lab. 0/ 5 Which aspect of the Scientific Method is most responsible for giving us confidence that we understand naturebetter? A: Asking why things happen the way they do in the natural world. B: Applying mathematics to the natural world. C: Explain. D: Observe. E: Test the explanation. 1/ StudentID: e ©2023 ExamSoft Worldwide LLC. All Rights Reserved.
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Strengths and Improvement Opportunities HSI1000 L02 Quiz 20230119 Attempt 05 Course: 2220 HSI1000 • Instructor: Mr - NUS CIT • Questions: 6
100%
My Score (6/6) QUESTION CORRECT INCORRECT PARTIAL CREDIT POINTS 1 Baloney Toolkit Question The prominent French scientist, Etienne Klien, tweeted the image below which heclaimed was of the star, Proxima Centauri, taken with the new James Webb Space Telescope. Which tool of the BDTK can quite readily point to this image being highly suspicious? A: How reliable is the source of the claim? B: What is the source’s perspective? C: Is the claimant providing positive evidence? D: Does the claimant use flawed reasoning? E: Have the claims been verified by somebody else? 1/ 2 Someone claims to have seen the Bukit Timah Monkey Man. They seem very honest, and you have no reason todoubt their character or sincerity. Nevertheless, they can provide no physical evidence of their sighting or any kind of measurement or sample indicating the creature s presence. Did they see the Bukit Timah Monkey Man? A: No, definitely not. No evidence means it’s nonsense. Absence of evidence is proof of absence. B: Yes. They are honest, and there’s no reason to doubt them, so they should be believed, otherwise we are calling them a liar. C: Unknown. Maybe, maybe not. There is no evidence, so no reason to believe whatever it is they saw was the Bukit Timah Monkey Man. Absence of evidence isn’t evidence of absence. D: Yes. Everyone knows the Bukit Timah Monkey Man is hiding, and this is just one more sighting confirming that. E: Unknown. It could have been Bigfoot, or the Yeti. They were unable to properly distinguish between any of these, but the fact is they definitely saw one of these three, i., Bukit Timah Monkey Man, Bigfoot, or Yeti. 1/ 3 How was the BDTK tool: Where does most of the evidence point? used in establishing the credibility of the videoHow-did-the-world-population-change? by Gapminder (gapminder/answers/how-did-the-world- population-change/) A: Quoted populations at various times in history were checked against estimates of historical world populations made by several independent researchers. B: Quoted populations at various times in history were checked against estimates of historical world populations made by a single independent researcher. C: This tool was never applied to this video. D: Commonsense and references therein was used to establish the accuracy of the quoted historical world population estimates. E: Wikipedia was used to check on Hans Rosling. 1/ 4 You find the following image in a blog discussing the dangers of recent flash-flooding on one of our freeways wonder if it s real, so you try a reverse image search on it to see what turns up. Select 3 options representing some of the things you need to do to perform such a search. A: Go to the site “images.google”. B: Click on the camera icon in the search bar. C: Copy the URL to the image. D: Type in a description of the image into the search bar. E: Copy the title of the blog article into the snopes search bar. 1/ 5 Which tools in the BDTK help to answer the fact-checker question: Who is behind the information and why? A: How reliable is the source of the claim? B: What is the source’s perspective? C: Is the claimant providing positive evidence? D: Have the claims been verified by somebody else? E: Does the claimant used flawed reasoning? 1/ StudentID: e
Strengths and Improvement Opportunities HSI1000 L05 Quiz 20230209 Attempt 05 Course: 2220 HSI1000 • Instructor: Mr - NUS CIT • Questions: 6
100%
My Score (6/6) QUESTION CORRECT INCORRECT PARTIAL CREDIT POINTS 1 Which atmospheric gas contributes most to the greenhouse effect? A: Carbon dioxide B: Methane C: Nitrogen D: Nitrous oxide E: Water vapour 1/ 2 In a recent article in the Daily Mail newspaper (7 October 2019), the columnist Dominic Lawson wrote an article entitled Why a horseshoe bat in Kent exposes the sheer folly of today's mass eco-protests. In this article, Lawson exclaimed And now for some good news. One of Britain s and Northern Europe s rarest and most elusive mammals has been discovered living in the East of England for the first time in 115 years. He further argued that the unexpected return of the horseshoe bat was that the species is now able to expand its range into Kent due to climate changes. In this argument, he cited the Bat Conservation Trust. However, the media release from the Bat Conservation Trust stated The reasons for the presence of this species in Kent are currently unknown. It is possible that an individual bat was blown off course or has travelled over from France, or that a bat has dispersed across the UK, from strongholds in the west of England or Wales. It is also possible that the species is now able to expand its range into Kent due to climatic changes. Further in the article, Lawson asked, But what about our friends in the animal kingdom? Are they truly at imminent threat of global wipe-out as a result of the CO2 we emit? Despite Extinction Rebellion s message, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change the UN body guided by the scientists in the field says nothing of the kind. Its most recent report declares: Overall, there is very low confidence that observed species extinctions can be attributed to recent climate warming, owing to the very low fraction of global extinctions that have been ascribed to climate change and the tenuous nature of most [such] attributions. However, Lawson failed to reveal that he was referring to an out-of-date report. The quotation he cited was taken from the contribution of working group II of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) to the Fifth Assessment Report. It was published in 2014 and is not the most recent report by the IPCC on this issue. In 2018, the IPCC published its special report on Global Warming of 1 C. It stated on page 218 of Chapter 3 that a recent meta-analysis of 27 studies concerning a total of 976 species (Wiens, 2016) found that 47% of local extinctions (extirpations) reported across the globe during the 20th century could be attributed to climate change, with significantly more extinctions occurring in tropical regions, in freshwater habitats and for animals. Lawson has cherry-picked his evidence in order to argue that climate change is nothing to worry about. In the first example, he failed to note that the Bat Conservation Trust had identified climatic changes as only one of a set of possible reasons why the bat had appeared in Kent. In the second example, he ignored the most recent IPCC report that contradicted his assertion that climate change does not lead to extinction. In the Six Rules of the Baloney Detection Toolkit, cherry-picking can be seen to violate which element of the Baloney Detection Toolkit? A: Rule 1: How reliable is the source of the claim? B: Rule 2: What is the source’s perspective? C: Rule 3: Is the claimant providing positive evidence? D: Rule 4: Where does the majority of evidence point? E: Rule 5: Have the claims been verified by someone else? F: Rule 6: Does the claimant use flawed reasoning? 1/ 3 Which scientist is famous for his measurements of carbon dioxide at the Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii? A: Arvid Högbom B: Charles Keeling C: Guy Callendar D: James Hansen E: Svante Arrhenius 1/ 4 Who coined the term greenhouse effect? A: Eunice Foote B: John Tyndall C: Joseph Fourier D: Nils Ekholm E: Svante Arrhenius 1/ StudentID: e
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5 Which ancient Greek thinker postulated that all matter was made of the primordial element air? (You will have to research this online.) A: Anaximander B: Anaximenes C: Empedocles D: Heraclitus E: Thales 1/ 6 Which discoverer of oxygen was beheaded during the French revolution? A: Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier B: Carl Scheele C: Cornelis Drebbel D: Joseph Priestley E: Michael Sendivogius 1/ ©2023 ExamSoft Worldwide LLC. All Rights Reserved.
Strengths and Improvement Opportunities
HSI1000 L03 Quiz 20230126 Attempt 04
Course: 2220 HSI1000 • Instructor: Mr - NUS CIT • Questions: 6
100%
My Score
(6/6)
QUESTION
CORRECT INCORRECT PARTIAL CREDIT
POINTS
1 Facebook has published a list of 10 tips to spot false news (facebook/help/188118808357379),which are reproduced here. A number of these tips overlap with the Baloney Detection ToolKit. Enter the
Facebook Tip number that best matches the following Baloney Detection ToolKit tools. Tool 1: How reliable is the source of the claim? Tool 3: Is the claimant providing positive evidence? Tool 4: Where does the majority of evidence point? Tool 6: Does the claimant use flawed reasoning? (Hint: the tool is asking you to think carefully about what s being said and consider if it s making sense.)
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2 A causal link has been established between UV light exposure and skin cancer. Do you expect there to be acorrelation between latitude in the northern hemisphere and skin cancer mortality rate? (From WHO: UV levels
are higher closer to the equator. Closer to the equator the sun s rays have a shorter distance to travel through the atmosphere and therefore less of the harmful UV radiation can be absorbed. Note that +90 latitude is the north pole, 0 latitude is the equator.) A: No correlation expected. B: Yes, a positive correlation, i., a higher, more positive, latitude will tend to give a higher skin cancer mortality rate. C: Yes, a positive correlation, i., a higher, more positive, latitude will tend to give a lower skin cancer mortality rate. D: Yes, a negative correlation, i., a higher, more positive, latitude will tend to give a higher skin cancer mortality rate. E: Yes, a negative correlation, i., a higher, more positive, latitude will tend to give a lower skin cancer mortality rate.
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3 When scientists state that they have constructed a climate model to project possible future climates, what bestdescribes what they mean?
A: Experts have come together at a scientific conference, discussing and arguing over plausible possible futures of the world’s climate finally coming to a consensus on what is expected to happen. The discussion and conclusion together represent the scientific model. B: They have made a computer program that incorporates atmospheric, oceanic and land processes described with mathematical equations and using thousands of data points that simulate the transfer of energy and water that takes place in climate system. C: They have made a large sphere, representing the Earth, enclosed in sealed glass (like a terrarium). They have added little mountains and pools of water on the sphere as well as tiny animals. They then study the rainfall in the terrarium and can add more or less CO2 to represent the pollution so they then can project the future climate. D: They have made a particularly attractive robot that demonstrates how and why it rains. E: They have several maps of the world representing different future outcomes of the world’s climate. The maps include frequency of extreme weather events, rainfall, sea levels and redrawn continents due to sea level rise. The different maps represent different possible futures due to differing effectiveness in worldwide carbon emission controls. The climate models are the different maps plus associated projections.
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4 When a hot object is brought into contact with a cold object it is observed that the hot object cools down and thecold object warms up. The explanation provided is that heat always flows from hot objects to cold objects, and
never the other way around. Which explanatory strategy best describes this type of explanation for the observed phenomenon? A: Causal mechanism B: Cause and effect C: Function D: Laws E: Underlying process
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5 Occam s razor could be described as
A: Plurality should not be posited without necessity. B: The most complex explanation of some phenomenon in nature is the one that’s most likely to be correct. C: The simplest explanation of some phenomenon in nature is the one that’s most likely to be correct. D: The simplest explanation of some phenomenon in nature is the one that’s most likely to be incorrect. E: Whatever can go wrong, will go wrong.
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6 What makes an explanation of some phenomenon a scientific explanation? A: When a correlation can be found between the cause and effect. B: When it contains some element of any of the following: physics, mathematics, chemistry or biology. C: When it is possible to falsify the explanation through observation or experimentation. D: When more than one explanation can be given for the phenomenon. E: When the explanation can be constructed in such a way that a measurement can be made. 1/ ©2023 ExamSoft Worldwide LLC. All Rights Reserved.
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1 What are the two most obvious mistakes does Master Devon make when referring to Science in his brief exchange with Dr Vorce? a) Science is defined by knowledge in certain specific disciplines. b) Scientific investigation can only be applied to certain subject areas. c) Science can be applied to anything that has an observable and tangible effect in the world. d) Science involves making careful observations, providing an explanation for those observations then testing the explanation. e) Science is self-correcting. Answers: a, b 2 Consider Master Devon’s statement “If you are doing it exactly the same each time, and it didn’t work the first time, what makes you think it would work a second, tenth, hundredth or even a thousandth time?” What fundamental principle of science does this rely on? a) Principle of reproducibility b) Principle of replicability c) Principle of reversibility d) Principle of reciprocity e) Principle of reinforcement Answers: a, b 3 Immediately after Master Devon rolled his eyes and placed his hand on Apprentice Kell’s shoulder he provided some advice on solving a puzzle. This advice is... a) .. scientific method in a nutshell. b) .. you go about troubleshooting anything. c) .. clever manipulation of the student to ensure he fails his task. d) .. twisted and inaccurate description of the scientific method in a nutshell. e) .. paraphrase of the five concerns that must be addressed when making proper scientific observations. Answers: a, b 4- The following 3 questions refer to the claim: “Dinking ice-cold water damages the spleen and stomach.” 4 Select the steps below that should be taken in order to test this claim scientifically using a clinical trial. a) Conduct a randomized controlled trial (a double-blind trial is not possible in this instance). b) Ensure that there are enough subjects involved in the trial, e., 500+, but preferably more. c) Ensure that all subjects are healthy and living healthy lives before and during the trial, also checking on the health of both the stomach and spleen before and after then trial. d) Check the incidence of spleen and stomach damage in Eskimos who generally only ever drink ice-cold water and compare it to those of other world populations where drinking ice-cold water is rare or uncommon. e) All experimenters need to be fully qualified clinical doctors. Answers: a, b, c
5 Why is it not possible to conduct a double-blind trial in this instance? a) It is not possible for a subject to be unaware of whether they are drinking ice- cold or room-temperature water. b) It is not possible for the experimenters to be unaware of whether they are serving the subjects ice-cold or room-temperature water. c) It is not possible to either prepare or drink ice-cold or room-temperature while blinded. d) Because everyone is biased essentially randomly either for or against drinking ice-cold or room-temperature water. e) Because the placebo effect makes a double-blind trial in this instance impossible. Answers a 6 While the trial cannot be double-blind, what could be done to ensure the next best thing? a) Ensure that the subjects have no issues or beliefs associated with drinking either ice-cold or room-temperature water. b) Ensure that the experimenters have no issues or beliefs associated with drinking either ice-cold or room-temperature water. c) Ensure that the container in which the water is served in is darkened and covered and thermally insulated so no one can tell what’s inside or if the container is cold. d) Regardless of what is served to the subjects, randomly tell them it is either ice- cold or room-temperature water before serving it to them. e) Experimenters hand the water in a regular glass to the subjects but in a pitch- black room so neither experimenter nor subject can see the water being served. Answers: a, b, c 7- The following 2 questions refer to the information below: A randomised controlled double-blind trial was conducted to see if NUS students could tell whether they had been given expensive or cheap coffee to drink. 25 students were given cheap coffee to drink and 25 given the much more expensive coffee. 9 of the students given the cheap coffee said they thought it was the expensive coffee, but 15 of the students given expensive coffee correctly said it was expensive coffee. 7 The margin of error for these two groups at the 95% confidence level is ±BLANK1 %. The range of percentage points covered by the two CIs is BLANK2 %. The number of percentage points of overlap of the two CIs is BLANK3 %. (NB make sure your answer is a pure number, i., DO NOT a “%” sign) BLANK1: answer is 22, so anything between 21 and 23 (inclusive) is OK. BLANK2: answer is 68, so anything between 67 and 69 (inclusive) is OK. BLANK3: answer is 20, so anything between 19 and 21 (inclusive) is OK. 8 Can we be 95% confident that NUS students can tell whether they are drinking expensive coffee and why? a) Yes, because there’s no overlap in the confidence intervals. b) Probably yes because the overlap in the confidence intervals is less than one-third of the range covered by the two CIs. c) Probably no because the overlap in the confidence intervals is more than one-third of the range covered by the two CIs. d) No, because there is a very great amount of overlap between the two confidence intervals. e) Probably no because there is overlap in the confidence intervals. Answer: b
11 Apparently, her “hunch” is supported by the evidence, but she now needs an explanation for the observed relationship, and for that explanation to have any weight, it needs to be tested. Select those options below that could be used in testing an explanation for the observed relationship. a) It is not possible to test explanations for such phenomena. b) Data showing a relationship between education level and the amount of knowledge and skills possessed, then data showing a relationship between higher paying jobs and knowledge and skills required. c) Data showing a relationship in job advertisements between salary package and education level. d) Data collected from a few employees of their personal views of the relationship between salary and education level. e) Data showing a relationship between education level and the number of connections possessed in LinkedIn. Answers: b, c 12- 13 The following two questions refer to the observations and explanation given below. The prices of face masks before the pandemic were low, but when it became compulsory to wear them the price quickly rose. It wasn’t long before more produces of face masks became operational, and the prices of face masks dropped again. Now consider an explanation: Figure 1 shows the situation before the pandemic. On the y-axis is the price per mask and along x-axis is the number of masks sold per week. The red dot represents the price of a mask before the pandemic along with the number sold per week. It is at the intersection of the demand curve (blue), which generally always slopes downwards, and supply curve (green) which generally always slopes upwards. Figure 2 is the situation when mask wearing became compulsory. Suddenly everyone demanded masks, so the demand curve shifted to the right, and the new intersection of the supply and demand curves is a much higher price, with much more masks sold per week as observed. Figure 3 is the situation when more mask suppliers came on-line. This time the supply curve shifts to the right and the price point falls with even more masks being sold per week.
12 The statements that the demand curve generally always slopes downwards and the supply curve generally always slopes upwards is critical to this explanation of the price movement. What types of explanatory strategy is being invoked with these statements? a) Cause and effect b) Causal mechanism c) Underlying process d) Laws e) Function Answer: d 13 Fill in only “A”, “B” or “C” in the blanks below. A, B and C mean the following: A=physical model B=conceptual model C=math/computer model (i) This qualitative explanation utilises what type of model? BLANK (ii) If you wanted to make a quantitative prediction of the price of mask when they were no longer compulsory to wear and assuming the number of suppliers didn’t change, which type of model would you need to employ? BLANK Answers: BLANK1 = B, BLANK2 = C 14- 16 The following three questions refer to the following: Consider the following extract from a web site selling magnetic bracelets and copper bracelets. They claim magnetic bracelets help with arthritis pain, rheumatism, carpal tunnel syndrome, football and tennis injuries, period paid, RSI, poor circulation, migraine headaches, muscle soreness, and a long list of joint pain. How does Magnetism work and what are the benefits One of the theories about how magnetism works with the body is that the fields surrounding the magnetic bracelets stimulate the field where the pain occurs. This is thought to trigger the release of the body's own painkillers, thereby providing natural relief for the person instead of having to take medications over long periods that may have bad side-effects. It is also thought that because metals like iron, zinc and magnesium are essentially components already found in the human body. Magnetism is able to affect them in a way that brings about helpful change at the cellular level; in particularly by impacting on particles in the blood and increasing oxygenation so that circulation is improved, and a person heals quicker. After all, everyone knows what happens when you put a magnet beside a metal: it attracts it. The web site continues with various testimonials from satisfied customers and a list of celebrities who they claim use them. As evidence that magnetic bracelets work, they mention three research articles (without providing any citations) from famous and well- respected institutions. They claim the articles show it works, but there is no mention of any tests of the theory. The site also completely neglects to mention the significant amount of published scientific evidence that they don’t work. They also claim wearing copper bracelets are beneficial too.
18 The true value of the amount of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) in a particular navel orange was 72 mg. Different experimental measurements were made of the ascorbic acid content in the same orange. Those measurements are given below. Select the most accurate and least accurate measurements according to the ISO definition of accuracy? a) 80 ± 10 mg b) 68 ± 5 mg c) 72 ± 15 mg d) 73 ± 2 mg e) 81 ± 7 mg Answers: d, e 19 Which of the following constitutes scientific evidence and therefore empirically supports or tests an explanation or claim? a) A true expert’s opinion. b) Sworn eyewitness accounts or testimony. c) A physical object that can be probed and examined in every detail. d) Repeated measurements made of a mysterious phenomenon, that can sometimes, but not always, be reproduced under what appears to be the same conditions by other scientists. e) An experiment or measurement that can never fail to provide the expected result. Answers: c, d 20 Which of the following could be classified as scientific theories? a) A set of differing explanations proposed for a mysterious phenomenon just observed. b) A set of related mathematical equations that when applied correctly reproduce and predict what at first sight appears to be quite different phenomena. c) A set of self-consistent and unifying concepts that when applied explains and predicts many apparently disparate observations. d) An untested but quite reasonable and plausible explanation for a phenomenon or observation. e) The written aspect or classroom knowledge base associated with a particular topic or discipline (declarative knowledge) as opposed to the practical, or actually physically doing part of a particular topic or discipline (functioning knowledge). Answers: b, c
1 Block Test 1, AY2122, Sem1 HSI Question 1 One often hears scientists proclaim, “extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence”. Select those options below that best express why this is so. A. Confirmation bias requires it. B. If an extraordinary claim were to be true, then some aspect of well-established science would require revision. C. Scientists always require extraordinary evidence for any claim, not just extraordinary ones. D. Scientists have their own hypotheses for some unusual event or observation, so any claim to the contrary will require more than just evidence, but extraordinary evidence, to change their mind. E. Such claims typically fly directly in the face of our current understanding of the world, an understanding obtained from an extraordinarily large body of evidence. Extraordinary claims requiring extraordinary evidence was described in Chapter 2 of the textbook. This question specifically refers to points 7 and 9 of the concept quiz at the end of Chapter 2. Students were specifically asked to “pay close attention” to this “concept quiz” in video 1 and in the detailed notes. Choice A refers to “confirmation bias”. This is a totally unrelated to the question. It was also described in Chapter 2, page 17 of the textbook, and is one of the nine points (point 5) in the concept quiz for that chapter. Choice B is a correct option. Choice C is not correct. If claims are not extraordinary, then only regular evidence is required as part of the scientific method. Choice D is not correct. This statement implies that the scientific community is biased towards personal explanations for which there is no evidence (a hypothesis is a speculative explanation, as yet with no evidence). Choice E is a correct option.
3 Block Test 1, AY2122, Sem1 HSI Question 3 In Copernicus’ model of the solar system, all the planets moved in perfectly circular orbits and with uniform speed around the sun. This resulted in predictions of planet positions no better than Ptolemy’s. Which of the following concerns did Copernicus not properly address when producing his model of the solar system? A. Do we have a clear sense of what the relevant phenomena are? B. Do we know for sure what is based on fact and what on conjecture or assumption? C. Have our observations been contaminated by expectation of beliefs? D. Have we considered any necessary comparative information? E. Have we found a way to ensure we have not overlooked anything in the process of making our observations? This question deals with the beginning of the scientific revolution, video 1, and video 1 regarding the 5 concerns, which are all listed as the 5 options in this question. Choice A is not correct, because Copernicus had a very clear sense of what was relevant in the data he had – the positions of the heavenly bodies in the sky throughout the year. Both his and Ptolemy’s models of the solar system were all about explaining and predicting those positions. Choice B is a correct option. Unlike Kepler, Copernicus just assumed that heavenly bodies must move in perfect circular orbits with uniform speed just like Ptolemy as discussed in video 1. Choice C is a correct option. Copernicus didn’t make many observations. Most of his data was recorded by others and he took them all at face value assuming there were all good and accurate. Choice D is not correct. There are no comparative observations of relevance here to not properly address. Choice E is not correct. Copernicus had all the relevant data of the time, i., the positions of the heavenly bodies, there was nothing to overlook.
4 Block Test 1, AY2122, Sem1 HSI Question 4 Choose the option below that produces an incorrect statement: Anomalous phenomena are important in science because... A. .. resolution can lead to entire new fields of scientific study. B. .. resolution can lead to new insights and understanding of nature. C. .. resolution can lead to new instrumentation or experimental methods to study nature, allowing further new discoveries to take place. D. .. resolution demonstrates the infallibility of well-established scientific theories. E. .. resolution provides an excellent test of what is generally accepted to be true. Anomalous phenomena are discussed in Chapter 2, page 18 of the textbook. This question specifically refers to point 8 of the concept quiz at the end of Chapter 2. Students were specifically asked to “pay close attention” to this “concept quiz” in video 1 and in the detailed notes. Anomalies are also mentioned in other places throughout the 4 lectures. Choices A – C and E all produce correct statements. The incorrect statement is... Choice D is the correct option because it produces an erroneous statement. It is an incorrect statement because well-established scientific theories are not infallible. They can be overturned (and have been), or modified, if solid evidence requires it.
Quiz 1 - Quiz for HSI
Course: How Science Works, Why Science Works (HSI1000)
University: National University of Singapore
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