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US TL Reading SB Answer Key

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Summit 1 (ENT403)

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PART 1 | SOCIOLOGY © 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for classroom use. 1

Active Reading
SUPPORTING SKILL 1

####### SKIMMING FOR GIST

####### Exercise 1C page 6

Possible answers:

  1. Singer is part of a team that has created a method for measuring self-defi ning memories and a system that categorizes these memories into three areas: specifi city, meaning, and emotions.
  2. Older adults are more positive, less specifi c, and more likely to have integrative memories than younger adults. Brain scans of older people diff er, too, when refl ecting memories based on personal experience.
SUPPORTING SKILL 2

####### SCANNING FOR DETAILS

####### Exercise 2A page 8

  1. a - the Olympic Games
  2. b - Britain
  3. a - 1978–

####### Exercise 2C page 10

Categories of Information: √ name of a person, place, event, or organization name of a book, movie, game, song √ year, date, amount, proportion

Possible answers: Circled: Paragraph 1: South Korea; North Korea; Canada; Britain Paragraph 2: Circled: World War II Paragraph 3: South Korea; Olympic Games; South Korea; North Korea; Berlin Wall; the two Germanys Paragraph 4: The Canadian government; English Canadians; French Canadians; Canada; Wayne Gretzky; Los Angeles; Gretzky Paragraph 5: Britain; South Korea; Germany; Canada; Britain; United Kingdom; English sports; Britain; Department of National Heritage; Department for Culture, Media, and Sport; Sports Councils Boxed: Paragraph 2: Since World War II Paragraph 3: 1988; 1990 Paragraph 4: between 1978 and 1987; in t he mid-20th century; in the late 1980s Paragraph 5: from 1990 to 1997; in 1992; in 1997

####### Exercise 2D page 10

  1. c 2. b 3. b
  2. the fortifi cation of the boundary between South Korea and North Korea
  3. d 6. a
READINGWRITING CONNECTION

####### ANNOTATING AND TAKING NOTES

####### Exercise 3B page 14

Possible answers:

  1. Similar meanings
  2. The main diff erence is that in Greece, sports highlighted competition, but in Rome, they were related to war.
  3. It’s underlined because the annotator wants to look the word up.
  4. The circle shows the location of the Plain of Olympia. Possible annotation: Arrow pointing to modern-day Olympic cities, such as London, to show that sports of classical times have spread around the world.

####### Exercise 4A page 14

Underlined and parenthetical information indicates possible annotations for Paragraphs 2–6: Athletics in Classical Times paragraph 2 Greek culture, which was at its peak from the 8th to the 6th centuries bce , and the Roman Republic / Empire (Why call it “Republicb/ Empire?” Look up.), which existed from 509 bce to 476 ce , are considered the cradles of Western civilization. Though many features are common between Greek and Roman cultures, especially in the area of sports, there are major diff erences between them, most notably who participated in athletics. Free Greek citizens took part in sporting events and earned honor for their participation. Roman citizens, on the other hand, were exclusively spectators; lower-class residents, foreigners, and slaves engaged in the games. The gladiators of the Roman playing arenas almost never joined the ranks of the army. While the Greeks extended their competitive spirit to nearly all areas of society and viewed athletics as character-building, the Romans wrote that the Greeks placed too heavy an emphasis on athletics (Greeks healthier than Romans?) and not enough on the practice of arms (weapons); they believed this led to the downfall of Greek society. paragraph 4 The most popular Greek athletics were often individualistic and combat-based. They included races, wrestling, fencing, jousting,

PART 1 | Fundamental Reading Skills

SOCIOLOGY

TRANSITION LEVEL

READING

University

Success

STUDENT BOOK ANSWER KEY

PART 1 | SOCIOLOGY © 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for classroom use. 2

archery, spear throwing, discus, and boxing. Many of these sports were also popular in Rome, especially boxing, which featured two competitors fi ghting until one boxer either ceded or was knocked out. Boxers in Greece wore leather on their knuckles to protect their own hands and increase the eff ects of their hits on the opponent, á la modern brass knuckles. The Romans similarly enjoyed boxing, and it was a favored sport of the Emperor Augustus. They held both Greek- style boxing matches and Roman-style, in which the boxers wore heavier gloves. The purpose of the heavier gloves was not to protect either the hitter or the opponent, however. Rather, iron and lead were sewn into the gloves (What about modern gloves?), and unsurprisingly, bouts often concluded with the death of a player. Another sport that was even rougher and also occasionally led to death was pankration , a Greek game consisting of an unarmed fi ght between two men, with scarcely any rules. paragraph 5 Not all ancient Greek city-states participated in the bloodiest of the traditional athletic sports. Legendary Greek generals, including Alexander the Great, discouraged or even forbade soldiers from taking part in popular games. Similarly, Sparta, the most militaristic state in ancient Greece, discouraged boxing and pankration. Instead, games that promoted even more military effi cacy were encouraged. Spartans regularly held team-based combative contests in which groups of young men fought each other on an island until one of the teams pushed the other into the water. Spartans also played team sports that centered on a ball. These Spartan sports are the only known occurrence of ball-oriented games (Surprising. Not like modern sports.) in either ancient Greek or Roman cultures. In his book Combat Sports in the Ancient World: Competition, Violence, and Culture , Michael B. Poliakoff says, “It of course makes perfect sense that if play is to be at all useful for war, it should include corporate activity like that of a battle squadron.” His argument is that Sparta’s team sports had the underlying purpose of off ering military training.

LANGUAGE SKILL

####### USING DICTIONARIES TO STRENGTHEN VOCABULARY

####### Exercise 5A page 17

  1. deep / strong / fi rm
  2. for
  3. with
  4. religious
  5. Public / Popular
  6. anti-war

####### Exercise 5B page 18

Possible answers:

  1. put (me) in
  2. dangerous
  3. present / current
  4. handle / deal with
  5. explain / describe
  6. economic
  7. social
  8. came about / arose

####### Exercise 6A page 19

  1. have in common, life-threatening events
  2. dual eff ect, gain recognition, in the world
  3. common among, at war with, national character
  4. industrialized nations, developing nations, at a rate, express purpose, globalized world
  5. shortly after, line of demarcation, sporting event
  6. social scientists, value system, social structure
  7. stood upon a ledge, world wars, war and peace, fi ll the ... void, leave behind
  8. fall on (ADJ) times, nuclear deterrent, international trade, digital age
APPLY YOUR SKILLS

####### Before You Read B page 20

Possible answers:

  1. Both are competitive. Both cause participants and spectators / civilians and soldiers to feel intense emotions. Stamina, courage, discipline, and team spirit are important in both. Both war heroes and athletes are publicly honored. Participants in both have traditionally been men.
  2. Sports commentators talk about injury, loss, defeat, victory, and transformation, using war-like terms such as tragedy, massacre, punishment, defeat, tactics, and defense.
  3. Korean soccer player Park Jongwoo held up a sign during a game against Japan that asserted that a disputed island territory belonged to South Korea. Ireland formed the Gaelic Athletic Association in an eff ort to promote the Irish resistance movement and set itself apart from England.
  4. An increase in sporting events is often correlated with a decrease in and / or prevention of violence.
  5. Sports fans

####### Thinking Critically page 22

Sample answer: Political expression in sports is taboo because it is the antithesis of the spirit of the event. Sports provides athletes and spectators alike with an escape from reality, including the frustrations of politics. By displaying his or her political position, an athlete ceases being an athlete and begins being a politician, or a proctor of a political entity. Some nationalistic symbols, such as fl ags and anthems, are universally accepted as innocuous symbols of representation. However even they can be used jingoistically. For example, the chant “USA, USA” is perceived by some to signal something more heavy-handed than just support for the athlete or team. Intention, though a gray guideline, is where the division should be set between what is permitted and what isn’t. An expression that is displayed in a positive, sportsmanship-like manner should be allowed; one that off ends or is meant to intimidate or serve as a mouthpiece for larger political positions, should not.

####### Thinking Visually page 23

Possible answer: The map depicts the countries that boycotted the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal (in yellow), the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow (in purple), and the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles (in red). The basis for each boycott was political. Many African countries refused to attend the Montreal Olympics because they objected to New Zealand having played rugby earlier that year in South African, which still practiced apartheid at that time. In 1980, a great number of countries, including the United State, boycotted the games in Moscow to protest the Soviets’ invasion of Afghanistan in 1979. And in 1984, Russia and its neighbors returned the favor, saying that there was anti-Soviet sentiment and therefore security concerns for the athletes.

PART 1 | ECONOMICS © 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for classroom use. 4

PART 1 | Fundamental Reading Skills

ECONOMICS

Main Ideas and Supporting Details
SUPPORTING SKILL 1

####### IDENTIFYING SENTENCE FUNCTIONS

####### Exercise 1A page 26

Possible answer: That comparative advantage is important in international trade

####### Exercise 1B page 26

  1. BC 15. TS 16. SD 17. SD 18. SD 19. SD
  2. SD 21. SU 22. TS 23. SD 24. EC

####### Exercise 1C page 27

  1. Ineff ective government action
  2. Government action with better results
  3. It’s specifi c, relating the ideas of free trade and growth.
  4. No, because the reading continues
SUPPORTING SKILL 2

####### IDENTIFYING TOPICS AND MAIN IDEAS

####### Exercise 2B page 29

Paragraph 1: Topic: Buying domestically Main idea: Ordinary people are often attracted to the idea of buying only domestically produced things, not imports. Paragraph 2: Topic: Impact on businesses Main idea: “Buy domestic product” movements may help some companies temporarily; they are not good for the economy as a whole. Paragraph 3: Topic: Impact on workers Main idea: “Buy domestically” movements don’t help workers in the long term. Paragraph 4: Topic: Net impact Main idea: Consumers who want to help strengthen their national economies over the long term should not limit their buying to domestic products.

####### Exercise 2C page 30

  1. c
  2. a
  3. It may be benefi cial to some businesses in the short term to convince citizens to purchase goods produced in their own country. However, that nation’s economy does not always benefi t in the same manner.
  4. b
  5. b
  6. Whether consumers’ purchase of goods that are manufactured in their country has real impact
SUPPORTING SKILL 3

####### IDENTIFYING SUPPORTING DETAILS

####### Exercise 3A page 32

Possible answers:

  1. fact, opinion
  2. opinion, explanation
  3. cause / eff ect
  4. example
  5. explanation; cause / eff ect
  6. example; explanation
READINGWRITING CONNECTION

####### SUMMARIZING

####### Exercise 4A page 34

The main idea is that some economies are said to be based upon the exchange of gifts.

####### Exercise 4B page 35

The best summary is Summary 3.

####### Exercise 4C page 35

  1. About 170; about 55
  2. Underlined text = information in the original that is in the best summary:

gift exchanges as an economic sstem Economies come in many shapes and sizes, not all of them involving money-based trading. Some theorists, such as the French sociologist and anthropologist Marcel Mauss, have concentrated on “gift economies.” These involve exchange, just as money-oriented economies do, but the interaction is less direct. The basic idea is that I help you meet your needs even though you don’t have anything to give me in return—not yet, anyway. I trust that at some point in the future, you or your relatives will give something to me to balance things out. Although such a system sounds simple and friendly, it is very hard to maintain. Over time, the pattern of obligations gets so complicated that it’s nearly impossible to outline, and balance becomes unachievable. In fact, there is some question about whether “gift economies” exist at all. Skeptics say that the gift-giving is a strong cultural trait in such systems, but it is not the basis of the real daily economy whereby people obtain food, shelter, and other necessities.

The summary writer used almost all of the techniques, especially: - Use your own words. - The best summaries are no more than about one-third the length of the original. - Avoid words or phrases that don’t contain important information. - Avoid repeated words, phrases, and ideas. - Use pronouns to replace repeated or long sequences of words. - Shorten or leave out most examples and minor supporting details. - Shorten or avoid stylistic expressions. - Shorten or leave out parenthetical expressions.

####### Exercise 5B page 37

Possible answers:

  1. Paragraph 2: A job hunter needs to consider opportunity cost (OC). If he or she spends too much time looking for inappropriate jobs, there is no time to apply for more appropriate work. You can even invent a system to rate job possibilities according to some desirability measure, like a “fruitfulness factor.” (50 words)
  2. Paragraph 4: Comparative advantage theory implies that a job hunter should pay less attention to qualifi cations that are common and more attention to those that are unusual. Then

PART 1 | ECONOMICS © 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for classroom use. 5

he or she is not competing with everyone on the same terms. Instead, unusual skills that might ensure a better job fi t come into play. (51 words) 3. Paragraph 5: David Ricardo’s original theory concentrated on what countries should do. He said that a country should focus on the area where it has the greatest lead over its competitors. It should make those high-lead products and buy the rest. (39 words)

LANGUAGE SKILL

####### ANALYZING MEANING USING WORD PARTS

####### Exercise 7A page 40

Word (that corresponds with defi nition)

Possible answers for “New Word”

  1. concentrate centralize

  2. dispute undisputed

  3. import insupportable

  4. extend intend

  5. indirectly direction

  6. decrease increasingly

  7. exploration exploratory

APPLY YOUR SKILLS

####### Before You Read B page 41

  1. To help fi nd a solution to problems between countries attempting to come to an agreement in trade talks
  2. To force other countries to refrain from doing something that they strongly disagree with or that is not in their best interests
  3. Not very. Sanctions were successful with South Africa, but that was an unusual case.
  4. Powerful, wealthy nations gain, and less powerful nations suff er because they often have no other option than to acquiesce.
  5. It favors the former mainly because such countries have the upper hand when it comes to negotiations. This is because they have the power to threaten to cease trading if they do not get what they want.

####### Thinking Critically page 44

Possible answer: Not always. The United States throwing its weight around to get Japan to voluntarily enact restraints on the export of Japanese vehicles to the United States is an example.

####### Thinking Visually page 44

Possible answers:

  1. The United States, the world’s largest economy, is involved in by far the most disputes. However, other very large economies, like China’s, are near the bottom of the list. Also, Canada, which doesn’t have a huge economy, is near the top of the list. So, there is probably some relationship between an economy’s size and the number of its disputes, but it’s not a strict, one-to-one correlation.
  2. Economies that are large trading partners with the United States seem to have a lot of disputes, even though they are not exceptionally large economies. In particular, Mexico and Canada, both neighbors of the United States, are involved in a lot of disputes even though their economies are not exceptionally large.

####### Thinking About Language page 44

  1. ex cep tions Possible defi nition: someone or something that is not included in a rule, does not follow the expected pattern, etc. con tinuously Possible defi nition: continuing to happen or exist without stopping or without being interrupted in terna tion al Possible defi nition: relating to more than one country, or involving people from more than one country
  2. con nected Possible defi nition: joined together; aff ecting or related to one another
  3. dis pro por tionately Possible defi nition: too much or too little in relation to something else
  4. uni ting Possible defi nition: to join together with other people or organizations to achieve something
  5. sanc tions Possible defi nition: offi cial orders or laws stopping trade, communication, etc., with another country, as a way of forcing its leaders to make political changes politic al Possible defi nition: relating to the government, politics, and public aff airs of a country
  6. automot ive Possible defi nition: relating to cars

PART 1 | BIOLOGY © 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for classroom use. 7

READINGWRITING CONNECTION

####### USING OUTLINES AND GRAPHIC ORGANIZERS

####### Exercise 3A page 62

Possible answer: I. Chickenpox vaccine A. Contains small amount of actual virus B. Designed to build immunity / prevents contraction C. Can’t protect unvaccinated populations

  1. For healthy subjects symptoms are not severe, recovery in 10 days or <
  2. For susceptible subjects (those w/weakened immune systems, very young children, older adults) disease is much worse

####### Exercise 3D page 65

Answers will vary.

LANGUAGE SKILL

####### RECOGNIZING COLLOCATIONS

####### Exercise 4A page 68

  1. a (found in reading), b, d
  2. a, c (found in reading), d
  3. b, c (found in reading), d
  4. a , b, d
  5. a, b, c
  6. a, b, c
APPLY YOUR SKILLS

####### Before You Read B page 71

  1. DNA vaccines began in the 1990s, but they are not widely available today because virtually all still remain in clinical trials.

  2. In general, genetic material from the virus or bacteria is used to elicit an immune response. Scientists fi rst isolate the gene from a target pathogen and then splice it into a double-stranded DNA vector.

  3. They prompt helper T cells and B cells to multiply and create memory cells and activate cytotoxic “killer” T cells, which builds long-lasting immunity

  4. DNA vaccines do not contain a live virus, so one cannot get sick from them, whereas other vaccines pose that risk.

  5. They may disrupt cellular processes and produce anti-DNA antibodies, resulting in too-low levels of immunogenicity.

####### Thinking Critically page 73

Answers will vary.

####### Thinking Visually page 73

The projects in the graph indicate that the global market for DNA vaccines will explode in the coming years. This is likely based on the early promise and success that DNA vaccines in trials have shown in combination with the relatively low-impact side eff ects and the large number of individuals interested in and searching for preventions or cures to a range of maladies.

####### Thinking About Language page 74

Answers will vary.

Side Effects minor side effects

major side effects

fe v e r seizures

rash breathing problems

change in behavior

fatigue

headache

####### Exercise 3B page 62

Possible answer:

PART 1 | HUMANITIES © 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for classroom use. 8

Fluency and Accuracy
FUNDAMENTAL SKILL

####### DEVELOPING READING FLUENCY

####### Noticing Activity B page 78

  1. T 2. F 3. T 4. T 5. F 6. F 7. T 8. T
SUPPORTING SKILL 1

####### INCREASING FLUENCY

####### Exercise 1B page 82

  1. F 2. F 3. F 4. T 5. F 6. T

####### Exercise 1D page 82

Possible answers: List A

  1. infamous - well known for being bad or morally evil
  2. ruthlessly - in a manner of such determination that one doesn’t care if other people have been hurt in the process
  3. displacement - the act of forcing a group of people to leave the place where they usually live
  4. renounced - to no longer believe in or support something
  5. adherence - a fi rm commitment to a particular rule, belief, or principle

List B

  1. infused - to fi ll someone or something with a particular feeling or quality
  2. unequivocally - clear and without an possibility of doubt
  3. lofty - with an attitude that suggests superiority
  4. bolstered - made stronger
  5. unwaveringly - in a manner that is strong and steadfast
SUPPORTING SKILL 2

####### TOLERATING AMBIGUITY

####### Exercise 2B page 85

These statements should be checked (√): 1, 2, 4, 5, 12

####### Exercise 2D page 86

  1. a 2. b 3. b 4. b 5. b 6. a
  2. b 8. a 9. a 10. b 11. b 12. b
READINGWRITING CONNECTION

####### RECOGNIZING AND USING RHETORICAL

####### TECHNIQUES

####### Exercise 3A page 91

  1. illustration by anecdote

  2. appeal to authority

  3. allusion

  4. rhetorical question

  5. illustration by anecdote

  6. appeal to authority

  7. acknowledgement of opposition

  8. understatement

  9. allusion

  10. appeal to authority

  11. appeal to authority / illustration by anecdote

  12. understatement

  13. appeal to authority

####### Exercise 3B page 94

Answers will vary.

LANGUAGE SKILLS

####### UNDERSTANDING NOMINALIZATION

####### Exercise 5A page 96

Suggested answers:

  1. a 2. a 3. b 4. b 5. a 6. b

####### Exercise 6 page 97

Answers will vary.

APPLY YOUR SKILLS

####### Before You Read B page 99

  1. It stresses goodness and compassion, which are achieved by following precepts of humility and benevolence. It also emphasizes the seeking of harmony in relationships both in society and in the family through fi lial piety and obedience to elders.
  2. The Analects is the most extensive source for information on the philosopher and deals with Confucius’s moral code; the Mencius focuses on his political infl uence; and the Zuozhuan presents a narrative history of the warring states at the time of his life.
  3. Both societies were being rocked by savage wars, coups, and power struggles.
  4. He advocated diff erentiated instruction and believed that teachers should teach according to the student’s ability.
  5. Socrates believed that his teaching was fulfi lling the will of the gods, and Confucius maintained that he knew the will of heaven.

####### Thinking Critically page 102

Answers will vary.

####### Thinking Visually page 102

Answers will vary.

####### Thinking About Language page 102

Possible answers:

  1. The impact the ancient Chinese philosopher Confucius had on education systems and cultural values throughout China and East Asia was remarkable.
  2. Instruction to pursue harmony in social and familial relationships by means of respect and obedience toward elders is the foundation of Confucian doctrines.
  3. Still-existing texts on his teachings were written and shared by his followers and pupils after his death, at times hundreds of years after his passing.
  4. The emergence of a multitude of other important philosophers and theological fi gures was coincidentally a theme of the period between 800 and 200 bce.
  5. The search and discovery of truth-revealing archeological artifacts about Confucius’s life continues, irrespective of the minimal existing documentation.

PART 1 | Fundamental Reading Skills

HUMANITIES

PART 1 | ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING © 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for classroom use. 10

Visuals
FUNDAMENTAL SKILL

####### INTERPRETING VISUALS

####### Noticing Activity B page 108

  1. c 2. b 3. a 4. c 5. a and c
SUPPORTING SKILL 1

####### UNDERSTANDING TEXT REFERENCES TO VISUALS

####### Exercise 1A page 109

Highlighted phrases: Paragraph 1 - shown in Figure 1, illustrated in the diagram, presented in the diagram Paragraph 4 - shown in Figure 2, illustrated in the diagram, illustrated in the fi gure

####### Exercise 1B p age 111

  1. The internal combustion engine compresses the mixture of air and fuel.
  2. The valve opens, resulting in the release of exhaust gases into the air through the vehicle’s tailpipe.
  3. It converts energy from the wheels to electricity by using the kinetic energy of the spinning wheels. The energy generated by the wheels when the car’s brakes are applied is then stored in the battery of the vehicle.
  4. The electric motor
SUPPORTING SKILL 2

####### INTERPRETING THE INFORMATION IN VISUALS

####### Exercise 2C page 115

  1. c 2. c 3. d 4. b 5. b 6. a
READINGWRITING CONNECTION

####### REFERRING TO VISUAL DATA WITHIN AND BEYOND

####### A READING

####### Exercise 3A page 119

Possible answers: be attributed to, the net result being, is shown in Figures 1 and 2 it can be noted that, indicate that

####### Exercise 3B page 119

Slide 1: diagram of the; In this design Slide 2: is shown in; can be observed; indicates that, is limited by; With respect to; a signifi cant eff ect on; can be expected to; It should be noted; a function of Slide 3: For a given; can be determined by; can be obtained by

####### Exercise 4B page 124

Possible answers:

  1. The improvement of air quality in the United States
  2. The reduction of ground-level pollution
  3. long-lived greenhouse gases
  4. at hazardous levels in many urban areas
  5. harmful levels of either particulate matter or ground-level ozone
  6. an increase in ground-level ozone and particle pollution
LANGUAGE SKILL

####### RECOGNIZING AND LEARNING MULTIWORD

####### VOCABULARY ITEMS

####### Exercise 5 page 126

  1. forge
  2. put, rest
  3. pros, cons
  4. faint, idea
  5. cut
  6. pave
  7. function

####### Exercise 6 page 127

Possible answers: 2. According to the graph, 3. As indicated by the bar graph 4. are illustrated in Figure 2 5. as can be seen in Figure 2 6. Figure 2 indicates that 7. as indicated by the bar graph

APPLY YOUR SKILLS

####### Before You Read B page 128

  1. Nanofi bers are fi bers with a diameter of less than 1 micron made from a polymer solution. Applications include use in respirator masks, water fi ltration, vehicular air fi lters, air purifi cation systems, indoor air purifi cation machines, and window screens.
  2. Coal-fi red power plants, increases in the fl eet of personal vehicles, ineffi cient heating systems, and the burning of biomass for heat and cooking
  3. To protect against mold spores, dust, and fumes from toxic weapons and mining operations; in protective gas masks and single-use particulate respirators
  4. That developed by US-based researchers fi lters out more than 95 percent of all fi ne particulate matter, whereas that developed by Hong Kong–based researchers blocks 80 percent of the smallest particles.
  5. A polymer solution is jetted out of a syringe by a high voltage electric fi eld and directed toward a grounded collector, where the solution then dries and forms a polymeric net that resembles a spider web.

####### Thinking Critically page 131

Answers will vary.

####### Thinking Visually page 131

Possible answers:

  1. Stationary fuel combustion accounted for more than 35 percent of direct PM2 in the United States in 2010.
  2. Highway vehicles produced just over 40 percent of all carbon (CO) emissions in 2010.
  3. In 2010, nearly all sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions fell into the source category of stationary fuel combustion.
  4. In 2008, over half of the nation’s total lead emissions came from non-road mobile machinery, or combustion engines in machines.
  5. Of all the air pollutants listed, NH3 (ammonia) had the highest percentage of industry-and-process-generated emissions.

PART 1 | Fundamental Reading Skills

ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

PART 1 | ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING © 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for classroom use. 11

####### Thinking About Language page 132

  1. due to
  2. power plants
  3. cause for concern
  4. a wide range of
  5. are in great demand
  6. posing problems
  7. at the prospect

PART 2 | SOCIOLOGY © 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for classroom use. 13

  1. He believed a greater good could have been accomplished if his stay in jail had been longer.
  2. Because he felt that the state was punishing him in the only way it knew how—physically
  3. He felt as if they were shunning and isolating him.

####### Thinking Critically page 155

Answers will vary.

####### Thinking Visually page 156

Answers will vary.

####### Thinking About Language A page 157

  1. When it comes to
  2. defi ning these as
  3. by way of
  4. in the sense that
  5. In terms of
  6. by way of

PART 2 | ECONOMICS © 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for classroom use. 14

Implication and Inference
CRITICAL THINKING SKILL

####### UNDERSTANDING IMPLICATION AND INFERENCE

####### Noticing Activity A page 158

  1. b 2. a 3. b 4. b 5. a 6. b

####### Noticing Activity B page 159

Possible answers: (4) The infl uence of the British Empire caused its accounting system to be more widely used than it otherwise would have been. (5) In common law accounting, a company that doesn’t follow the rules is punished by peer pressure. (6) At present, India’s economy is not as strong as it could be. (7) After World War II, Japan considered American accounting practices to be somewhat useful but not good enough to warrant discarding all their practices. (8) The Japanese tendency toward some secrecy in the credit system had its origins in German accounting practices.

SUPPORTING SKILL 1

####### MAKING STRONG INFERENCES AND AVOIDING

####### WEAK ONES

####### Exercise 1B page 163

Suggested answers:

  1. Strong 2. Weak 3. Weak
  2. Strong 5. Medium or Weak 6. Strong
  3. Weak 8. Strong or Medium 9. Weak
  4. Strong or Medium
SUPPORTING SKILL 2

####### DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN DELIBERATE

####### IMPLICATIONS AND DIRECT STATEMENTS

####### Exercise 2A page 164

Suggested answers: Situation 1

  1. The miner doesn’t express an opinion of the company. He implies that his future ability to stay in his home area depends on the company.

  2. The miner avoids giving a direct answer because he is afraid he might lose his job because of what he says.

  3. Some similar situations would be being asked whether you like your boss, being asked whether you like the owner of your apartment building, and so on. Situation 2

  4. The politician wants to avoid embarrassing her American counterparts. Unlike the miner in Situation 1, the politician is not avoiding direct statements because she is afraid. Instead she wants to be diplomatic, to get her points across without having to say anything openly negative.

  5. She implies that the American government is being unfair by keeping British engines from being imported.

  6. The US government may be trying to allow American companies to outdo the British company.

  7. The British offi cial is trying to be diplomatic and imply a close relationship between the British and Americans.

  8. The politician is calling it a mistake so that she doesn’t directly say that the Americans tried to do something wrong.

  9. A similar case would be when you suspect a colleague of doing something wrong but you pretend it was a mistake so you don’t anger the colleague.

####### Exercise 2C page 166

  1. c 2. a 3. d 4. c 5. b 6. d
READINGWRITING CONNECTION

####### PARAPHRASING

####### Exercise 3B page 171

  1. b 2. a 3. c 4. b 5. b 6. c

####### Exercise 3C page 172

Answers will vary.

LANGUAGE SKILL

####### IDENTIFYING AND USING EQUIVALENT

####### AND NEAREQUIVALENT EXPRESSIONS

####### Exercise 4 page 173

  1. h 2. c 3. d 4. b 5. f 6. g

####### Exercise 5 page 174

  1. you’re afraid to invest it or put it in a bank
  2. the home of someone who has died
  3. where the government insures deposits up to a quarter million dollars
  4. that was found by a cleanup crew getting the house ready to be sold
  5. about $1 million in US and Israeli currency
  6. You probably won’t fi nd any money
APPLY YOUR SKILLS

####### Before You Read B page 175

  1. A good that is both nonexcludable and nonrivalrous
  2. A nonexcludable good is readily available to all. A nonrivalrous good is one that cannot be depleted through use. Examples will vary.
  3. The degree to which a good is either nonexcludable or nonrivalrous depends on the nature of the good as well as the parties involved in discussions about public spending. Examples will vary.
  4. Because the land is a culturally signifi cant public good that was made into a tradable commodity
  5. Possible answer: Politicians and legislators sometimes focus more on profi t than on preserving public goods. Certain issues—like healthcare—are considered by some to be too huge of a topic to attempt to attack.

####### Thinking Critically page 178

Sample answer: Las Setas. This is a giant wooden mushroom-shaped structure in Seville, Spain. Roman ruins were found underground when the city was digging in the process of building underground parking and a market on the site. Because the structure contains ruins dating back to ancient times, many consider it to be a public good. However,

PART 2 | Critical Thinking Skills

ECONOMICS

PART 2 | BIOLOGY © 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for classroom use. 16

Evidence and Argumentation
CRITICAL THINKING

####### EVALUATING EVIDENCE AND ARGUMENTATION

####### Noticing Activity A page 181

Possible answers: Evidence:

Sentence Claim Evidence 1 one in two individuals in America will be diagnosed with cancer

Statistics

2 cancer is a disease causes by a glitch in one’s own cellular replication system

past studies 2 cancer has taken the stage as a disease of epidemic proportions

an analysis 3 humans die less from infectious illnesses and more often from cancer)\

research

6 cancer is not worsening, nor is its incidence rate increasing

data

7 the rate of the incidence of cancer has remained relatively stable

scientifi c report 8 the mortality rate of cancer since 2009 has fallen

statistics

9 decreases in mortality rates are due to medical advances in cancer detection and treatment

fi ndings

12 cancer is statistically more likely to be) what befalls many individuals

evidence

Faulty rhetoric: Sentence 2: for this reason, scientists encounter insurmountable diffi culty in fi nding a cure Sentence 5: ... skewed studies ... erroneous warnings put forth by companies that probably have a vested fi nancial interest in alarming the public Sentence 10: This fact was also ... cancer researcher.

####### Noticing Activity B page 182

  1. Fifty percent of Americans will receive a cancer diagnosis.
  2. Insurmountable diffi culty; It’s an exaggeration
  3. A second reason why cancer is a disease of epidemic proportions and on everyone’s minds (other than the fact that scientists have a tough time fi nding a cure) is longer human lifespans. People now die more from cancer than from the infectious illnesses that used to cause most deaths in the past.
  4. “... skewed studies ... erroneous warnings put forth by companies that probably have a vested fi nancial interest in alarming the public” This is author speculation / conspiracy theory.
  5. Yes, because it cites what sounds like a reputable journal and doesn’t contain any misleading or faulty rhetoric.
  6. Because you should not reason through the use of an anecdote, especially one that uses someone who is not a strong source. The fact that the woman’s husband is a prominent cancer researcher does not mean that she will provide trustworthy evidence.
SUPPORTING SKILL 1

####### IDENTIFYING AND EVALUATING EVIDENCE

####### Exercise 1A page 185

Paragraph 1: research shows that Paragraph 1: (is) evidence of Paragraph 2: revealed that Paragraph 2: Similar studies have established that Paragraph 2: research on cancer has uncovered Paragraph 3: This analysis of Paragraph 3: According to clinical studies Paragraph 4: can reveal Paragraph 4: They found that Paragraph 4: demonstrating that

SUPPORTING SKILL 2

####### RECOGNIZING AND DEALING WITH

####### FAULT Y RHETORIC

####### Exercise 2B page 191

  1. false certainty / exaggeration 2. conspiracy
  2. false dilemma 4. reasononing by question
  3. exaggeration 6. false dilemma
  4. ad hominem 8. reasoning by anecdote
  5. irrelevant quotation

####### Exercise 2C page 191

Possible answers: 2 false dilemma 3 ad hominem 4 false certainty, false dilemma 5. conspiracy

READINGWRITING CONNECTION

####### UNDERSTANDING EXTENDED METAPHOR

####### Exercise 3 page 193

  1. d 2. b 3. a 4. a 5. b 6. d

####### Exercise 4B page 196

  1. d 2. c 3. a 4. b
  2. c 6. d 7. a 8. c
LANGUAGE SKILL

####### IDENTIFYING AND USING EXPERSSIONS

####### OF FUNCTION AND PURPOSE

####### Exercise 5A page 198

Possible answers:

  1. Subsequent studies in the early 1900s proved that external sources such as carcinogens and viruses act to cause cancer.
  2. From experiments in 1914 at Tokyo University, researchers concluded that cell mutation was the reason why, after using coal tar on the skin of rabbits, the animals developed cancer.
  3. Today, physicians understand that a number of risk factors play a role in a person’s likelihood of developing cancer.

PART 2 | Critical Thinking Skills

BIOLOGY

PART 2 | BIOLOGY © 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for classroom use. 17

  1. A progressively clearer understanding of cancer has served to introduce an age of increasingly advanced research.
  2. Today’s concept of cancer is that it is a large group of related diseases, all of which begin with a basic disorder of cellular function but function quite diff erently.
  3. For example, “individualized chemotherapy” treatments are becoming the norm for chemical treatments; the objective is to use a therapeutic chemical chosen to fi t the genes expressed by an individual tumor.
APPLY YOUR SKILLS

####### Before You Read B page 200

  1. Because HPV is very common and widespread
  2. They both demonstarted that cancers could be caused by infectious agents.
  3. It was the fi rst vaccine against a virus that has a known role in cancer development and the fi rst subunit vaccine.
  4. They are both currently under development and not yet in use.
  5. A prophylactic vaccine can provide protection that might keep one from contracting a disease; a therapeutic vaccine can treat a disease after one has already contracted it.

####### Thinking Critically page 202

Sample answer: Increasingly we’ve come to understand that results from experimentation on animals do not translate well to humans and their diseases. This miscalculation has come at high cost not only to animal life but also to us as humans in our perception of certain animals—including mice, rats, and even dogs and monkeys—as expendable. People have grown immune to the suff ering these animals endure “in the name of medical progress.” What most people don’t realize is that these are all thinking, sentient beings, who feel fear and pain as acutely as we do, and also experience happiness and pleasure as well. One study found that mice, for example,

laugh when tickled. Dogs’ tails have long been understood to be a barometer of their happiness—and more recently, it turns out, fear. Given the variety of non-animal models available to scientists today, there is no reason why live animals should be subjected to the torturous practices involved in medical testing.

####### Thinking Visually page 203

Possible answers:

  1. After spiking briefl y in 1996, the number of new cases of cervical cancer has been on a steady downward trend. The number of deaths has decreased as well. The drop in new cases has been sharper than the drop in deaths per 100,000 women.
  2. I expect declines to continue but at a slower rate than in the period from 2000 to 2012. I actually expect the death rate to remain almost steady, with only small declines.
  3. I was surprised that there wasn’t a sharp drop after the approval dates. The decline in incidence pretty much just continued at a rate it had already reached, and the decline in deaths continued to be steady but slight. I wonder if that was because the clinical trials before their release were helping reduce the occurrence.

####### Thinking About Language page 203

Language that conveys function and purpose: 2. aim to 3. functions 4. operate by 5. plays a role 6. seeking to 7. The goal of 8. play a role; focused on 9. works to 10. the use of 11. the purpose of it is to 12. using

PART 2 | ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING © 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for classroom use. 19

Defi nitions and Classifi cations
CRITICAL THINKING SKILL

####### UNDERSTANDING DEFINITIONS

####### AND CLASSIFICATIONS

####### Noticing Activity A and B page 237

Possible answers: allergens - agents, like dust-mite droppings, that cause allergic reactions asbestos - a naturally occurring compound off -gas - evaporate

####### Noticing Activity C page 237

organic - containing carbon bonded to hydrogen volatile - tending to evaporate at room temperature

SUPPORTING SKILL 1

####### RECOGNIZING AND UNDERSTANDING

####### DEFINITIONS WITHIN A TEXT

####### Exercise 1A page 239

Possible answers: Paragraph 1: aqueducts, which were ; windcatchers , which refers to Paragraph 2: consisting of three main parts (a compressor, a condenser, and an evaporator); known as phase transition; Essentially , ... Paragraph 3: heat exhaustion, which is characterized by Paragraph 4: greenhouse gases (which cause the atmosphere to retain heat)

####### Exercise 1B page 240

  1. Channels that carried water
  2. Tunnel-like devices that funneled wind into buildings and ventilated out hot indoor air
  3. They are made up of a compressor, a condenser, and an evaporator. They use refrigerants.
  4. They convert a liquid to a gas and back to liquid again. They help absorb and expel heat to the outdoors while evaporating and cooling air to release indoors.
  5. Dizziness, heavy sweating, and a rapid pulse rate
  6. They cause the atmosphere to retain heat.
SUPPORTING SKILL 2

####### WORKING WITH CLASSIFICATIONS

####### Exercise 2B page 244

Things Being Classifi ed

molds that grow inside structures

Basis of Classifi cation

how harmful they are to humans

Names of Classes

Hazard Class A Hazard Class B Hazard Class C

Criterion for Inclusion in the Class

The mold causes severe and immediate harm

The mold may cause some harm to allergic persons after long exposure

The mold does not cause any human health problems

Example Stachybotrys atrab

Aureobasidium Ulocladium botrytis

####### Exercise 2D page 246

  1. a 2. b and e 3. a 4. b 5. d 6. c
READINGWRITING CONNECTION

####### UNDERSTANDING AND PRODUCING REFERENCES

####### TO OTHER SOURCES

####### Exercise 3B page 250

  1. et al.
  2. DeLuria and Fulton
  3. This was the fi rst in a fl urry of reports that debated the nature and even the very existence of the syndrome.
  4. The illness arose because of poor air circulation in offi ces and other workplaces that were built in the 1970s.
  5. (Leow, Burns, and VerHage 1991)
  6. (e., Castleman 1992, Devlin and O’Meara 1996, DeVilliers 2001)
  7. Princeton University’s John Matheson

####### Exercise 3C page 251

  1. d 2. b 3. c 4. a 5. b 6. b

####### Exercise 3D page 252

Possible answers: 2. (The American Air Quality Associate 2007) 3. 2015, Air and Health, biological substances (or substances produced by biological agents) that remain suspended in air and are easily spread via wind, ventilation system currents, and other air movements. 4. (customcare Summer 2013) 5. (Marisol V. Ortega and Frances Gardette November 2001; James DeHaan 2009; Jamie Wilson 2011) 6. by John F. P. Kolenda, Marian Corzine, and Colin Gretsch, researchers at Dane University; were “erroneous in that the reported substance was not, in fact, any species of Stachybotrys.” 7. Taro Harada (1998)

PART 2 | Critical Thinking Skills

ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

PART 2 | ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING © 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for classroom use. 20

LANGUAGE SKILL

####### UNDERSTANDING AND USING CLARIFIERS

####### Exercise 4 page 255

Possible answers:

  1. To put it another way, ; To further explain, ; This means that; In other words,
  2. This becomes readily apparent
  3. to further explain
  4. that is to say; to put it another way, ; to further explain, ; this means that; in other words,
  5. To put it another way, ; To further explain, ; This means that; In other words,
  6. That is to say, ; To put it another way, ; To further explain, ; This means that; In other words,

####### Exercise 5 page 255

Answers will vary.

APPLY YOUR SKILLS

####### Before You Read B page 256

  1. Mold, airborne chemicals, and dangerous gases like radon
  2. Because they are not components of a building’s complex and energy-consuming HVAC system, and the reading focuses solely on HVAC systems
  3. Adjust the volume of air based on how many people are in the building
  4. It was equipped with an energy recovery ventilation system, which exchanges heat between the outgoing air and the air being ventilated into a building. A demand-controlled ventilation system was also installed. The building saved $48,000 annually on energy.
  5. Because net-zero energy homes and buildings are typically airtight

####### Thinking Critically page 259

Sample answer: Though in theory installing energy-saving devices in educational buildings sounds like a win-win, in fact there are literal and fi gurative hidden costs in enforced building modifi cations and codes.

The benefi ts of such a system are known and valid. The costliness of installing and maintaining such as system are known, too: They’re expensive. And so we must ask, at what cost would we be willing to adopt such a requirement? For example, what would retrofi tting old buildings would mean? A loss of classroom space, and possibly exposure to dangerous materials. For new buildings, the requirement would possibly mean an additional layer of expertise and bureaucracy in terms of planning and approving the plan. In literal terms, the thousands of dollars spent on the system would mean an equal sum not spent on things such as staff salaries, student health care, and cultural and sports events. Only once these kinds of trade- off s are considered can an informed decision about supporting such a law be reached.

####### Thinking Visually page 259

Possible answer: Due to changes in understanding about environmental health, people have made changes in their energy consumption choices, albeit sometimes because of changes in law or policy. For example, coal in the past ten years has become the deserved whipping boy of the energy source family, for its contribution to global warming. In turn, usage has been decreasing. On the fl ipside, so-called “renewables,” such as solar, water, and wind energy, have grown in popularity, though the growth has been sluggish in part due to the political prowess of those entities threated by a shift to new energy sources. One of the more interesting trends is that in natural gas, which is extracted via a controversial practice known as fracking. While many people in areas negatively impacted by fracking—a practice that can contaminate groundwater—despise the method and therefore refuse to use natural gas, vast numbers of consumers are seemingly indiff erent to or unaware of the drawbacks and instead embrace the fossil fuel’s “clean energy” reputation its relatively low price.

####### Thinking About Language page 260

  1. in clearer terms - restates the subject
  2. that is - gives a fuller understanding of “leaking”
  3. should be clear that - acknowledges an argument
  4. To further explain - elaborates
  5. that is - gives fuller understanding of “retrofi tted”
  6. To put it another way - rephrases the idea
  7. In other words - rephrases the idea
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PART 1 | SOCIOLOGY © 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for classroom use. 1
Active Reading
SUPPORTING SKILL 1
SKIMMING FOR GIST
Exercise 1C page 6
Possible answers:
1. Singer is part of a team that has created a method for measuring
self-defi ning memories and a system that categorizes these
memories into three areas: specifi city, meaning, and emotions.
2. Older adults are more positive, less specifi c, and more likely
to have integrative memories than younger adults. Brain scans
of older people diff er, too, when refl ecting memories based on
personal experience.
SUPPORTING SKILL 2
SCANNING FOR DETAILS
Exercise 2A page 8
1. a - the Olympic Games
2. b - Britain
3. a - 1978–1987
Exercise 2C page 10
Categories of Information:
√ name of a person, place, event, or organization
name of a book, movie, game, song
√ year, date, amount, proportion
Possible answers:
Circled:
Paragraph 1: South Korea; North Korea; Canada; Britain
Paragraph 2: Circled: World War II
Paragraph 3: South Korea; Olympic Games; South Korea; North
Korea; Berlin Wall; the two Germanys
Paragraph 4: The Canadian government; English Canadians; French
Canadians; Canada; Wayne Gretzky; Los Angeles; Gretzky
Paragraph 5: Britain; South Korea; Germany; Canada; Britain; United
Kingdom; English sports; Britain; Department of National Heritage;
Department for Culture, Media, and Sport; Sports Councils
Boxed:
Paragraph 2: Since World War II
Paragraph 3: 1988; 1990
Paragraph 4: between 1978 and 1987; in t he mid-20th century; in
the late 1980s
Paragraph 5: from 1990 to 1997; in 1992; in 1997
Exercise 2D page 10
1. c 2. b 3. b
4. the fortifi cation of the boundary between South Korea
and North Korea
5. d 6. a
READING-WRITING CONNECTION
ANNOTATING AND TAKING NOTES
Exercise 3B page 14
Possible answers:
1. Similar meanings
2. The main diff erence is that in Greece, sports highlighted
competition, but in Rome, they were related to war.
3. It’s underlined because the annotator wants to look the word up.
4. The circle shows the location of the Plain of Olympia.
Possible annotation: Arrow pointing to modern-day Olympic
cities, such as London, to show that sports of classical times
have spread around the world.
Exercise 4A page 14
Underlined and parenthetical information indicates possible
annotations for Paragraphs 2–6:
Athletics in Classical Times
paragraph 2
Greek culture, which was at its peak from the 8th to the 6th
centuries bce , and the Roman Republic / Empire (Why call it
“Republicb/ Empire?” Look up.), which existed from 509 bce to 476
ce , are considered the cradles of Western civilization. Though many
features are common between Greek and Roman cultures, especially
in the area of sports, there are major diff erences between them, most
notably who participated in athletics. Free Greek citizens took part
in sporting events and earned honor for their participation. Roman
citizens, on the other hand, were exclusively spectators; lower-class
residents, foreigners, and slaves engaged in the games. The gladiators
of the Roman playing arenas almost never joined the ranks of the
army.
While the Greeks extended their competitive spirit to nearly
all areas of society and viewed athletics as character-building, the
Romans wrote that the Greeks placed too heavy an emphasis on
athletics (Greeks healthier than Romans?) and not enough on the
practice of arms (weapons); they believed this led to the downfall of
Greek society.
paragraph 4
The most popular Greek athletics were often individualistic and
combat-based. They included races, wrestling, fencing, jousting,
PART 1 | Fundamental Reading Skills
SOCIOLOGY
TRANSITION LEVEL
READING
University
Success
STUDENT BOOK ANSWER KEY